Abraham Maslow s Theories Around The World - 1258 Words

Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist who still to this date continues to shape behavioral theories around the world. Maslow was born on April 1st of 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the oldest of seven children later born to his parents. His parents were Jewish originally from Russian. With very poor education, his parents hoped for the best future for their children in a new world. Maslow was constantly pushed hard to do well in school and his studies were his parents number one concern. That same pressure was maybe what made him an introvert a lonely kid who found shelter in his books. In order to make his parents happy and proud, Maslow studied law at the City College of New York. He later on married his first cousin,†¦show more content†¦Recognized names such as Horney, Fromm and Adler, among other Freudian psychologists. Maslow started focusing his efforts and academic knowledge into a movement for a humanistic psychology. This eventually became much more important to him than his own theorizing. Maslow spent his final years in California, until he died of a heart attack on June 8th of 1970. Theories Early in his career Maslow’s theory development included observing monkeys. Among the many interesting things he noticed during this time, was that some needs would take priority over others. For instance, if you are hungry and thirsty, you will be inclined to drink something rather than to eat. Maslow explored this idea of needs and their relevance, and created his now very known, hierarchy of needs. Maslow arranged five broad layers of needs: physiological needs, needs for safety and security, needs for love and sense of belonging, needs for esteem, and need to actualize one self. In Healthcare To apply Maslow’s findings to healthcare we would place the needs in order as he intended them to be. 1. The physiological needs. Among these needs we have for oxygen, water, protein, and other minerals or vitamins. Also among these physiological needs, there is the needs to avoid pain, need to be active, to rest, to sleep, to urinate and to eliminate waste. In healthcare we can concentrate this needs as the basic services that Occupational therapists offer to

The Most Powerful Women Rulers of the Ancient World

Essay on Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall...

Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall Apart A major aspect of one’s society is religion. Without it, the way people hold themselves accountable would be nonexistent. In addition, many moral standards that exist today are values taken directly from religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Currently, there exists a feud between people who believe in a god, and of those who do not. Eventually those who believe in a higher power will fight against each other. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Chinua Achebe brings to light the differences and similarities of Christianity and Animism in order to demonstrate the effects of religion upon one’s society, which is exemplified by Okonkwo and his people. This is noticed in the lives of†¦show more content†¦As a result, many of these half-heartedly committed members are held unaccountable for their actions and rely on precedents set by their ancestors and elders, unlike Christians whose laws are explained in the bible. Mr. Smith’s successor, Mr. Br own, also demonstrated a difference in that the God of Christians is to be proclaimed as a loving god who is to be feared only when His will is not done. On the other hand, Animism’s followers live in fear of their gods’ wrath and suffer spiritually, mentally, and emotionally for their gods’ happiness, â€Å"’You said one interesting thing,’ said Mr. Brown. ‘ You are afraid of Chukwu. In my religion Chukwu is a loving Father and need not be feared by those who do His will’† (180 – 181). Mr. Brown subtly brings up a theological paradox that is, â€Å"What is the point of living for a god that must be feared?† This difference greatly affects the Animistic and Christian way of life. Christians are to spread the word of God, serve their fellow men, and repent, and in doing this they need not fear God. Animists, specifically the Ibo, are to dedicate themselves to their chi or personal god, make sacrifices to their gods, and hope that their gods are not angry with them. Surprisingly, there is a similarity throughout all of this diversity. A major part of their religions is the belief in one God that created everything. Animists believe in Chukwu, who created everything including the other

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1174 Words

With recreational drugs becoming more common in our society, the public is growing more concerned with the negative effects of these substances, especially the effects of marijuana. Those who do not know enough about drugs generally think that â€Å"marijuana is bad for you† or â€Å"marijuana can kill people†. Although these preconceived notions do not often have scientific data as backup, there have also been multiple studies supporting the claims that marijuana is detrimental to people ´s health. Even though today many people, especially teenagers, do support the legalization of marijuana, this recreational drug is detrimental to health because it affects motor skills, mental abilities, and suppresses motivation, and therefore should not be†¦show more content†¦According to a study performed at the University of Michigan, 36.4% of teenagers smoked marijuana before reaching their junior year in high school. Those who haven’t smoked it before claim th at their peers who do use marijuana pressure them to partake in smoking it with them in a social setting. Secondly, people who smoke cigarettes on a day-to-day life are more likely to smoke illegal drugs. For many teenagers, smoking marijuana is a way to fight against anxiety, depression or boredom. Nevertheless, consuming drugs is just a method to avoid problems, and ignoring these issues only exasperates the problems in their lives. While teenagers think that their problems will disappear, it just creates a more problematic situation in their lives. Home and social life, school, and emotional or physical feelings are several examples of these problems. Home and social life problems can be very harmful to the person, and can cause them to develop poor relationships with their family members. Stealing money or valuable items that belong to their own parents is, in many cases, one of the most frequent acts that occur. Selling the valuable items provides them with the money to buy the drugs. Other problems that occur with a drug problem are not coming home on time or not telling a family member where he or she is going. Addressing the school problems, missing or skipping school can be one main consequence of consuming drugs. This leads the person to have a

English Elizabethan Novels Free Essays

The Elizabethan period is primarily known for its drama and poetry rather than its prose fiction, particularly since the advent of the English novel proper does not occur for another century. However, critics have increasingly stressed the importance of prose fiction in the seventeenth century and its role in the development of the novel. Several factors have played an important role in the emergence of the Elizabethan romance. We will write a custom essay sample on English Elizabethan Novels or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most significant factors in the development of the romance—the most popular form of prose fiction in this period—was the translation of ancient Greek romances into the vernacular. The popularity of these stories influenced members of the university-educated class to create their own stories, albeit with the same Greek plots, pastoral settings, and emphasis on literary wit. The first important milestone of the age was John Lyly’s Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). In this work Lyly developed euphuism, a style of writing which emphasizes rhythm over content and makes extensive use of alliteration, assonance, metaphor, and classical allusion. Many lesser authors imitated this style, which became a defining element of the period. In contrast to Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (1590), generally thought of as one of the most significant and well-written romances of the time, attempted to create more natural dialogue. Despite this difference, for his plot, style, and setting Sidney is also indebted to Greek literature. Robert Greene, one of the most prolific writers of the period, took his plots directly from Greek romance as well. Sometimes basing his stories in part on his own experiences, Greene wrote more than twenty popular romances including Card of Fancy (1584). Thomas Nashe was influenced by a different source, the picaresque novels of Spain. In these stories the hero, or picaro, is a man of no social standing who is free to travel and engage in adventures. Nashe’s most famous works are The Unfortunate Travelor or the Life of Jack Wilton (1594) and The Terrors of the Night (1594). Elizabethan society itself underwent numerous and significant developments during this period, including changes in the social structure of London, a rapid rise in literacy rates, a growing middle class, and the emergence of literate bourgeois tradesmen. These changes are reflected in the content and quantity of prose fiction that was produced during the seventeenth century. Aiming at the growing middle-class audience, many writers imitated best-selling authors and turned out formula romances. The works of the former tradesman Thomas Deloney, including The Pleasant History of John Winchomb in his Younger Years Called Jack of Newbury (1597), for example, were more realistic in plot and setting than other works of the period and probably, according to scholars, created a sense of familiarity among his readers. This focus on the emerging bourgeois class, both as an audience for and a subject of fiction, played a significant role in the emergence of the English novel in the eighteenth How to cite English Elizabethan Novels, Papers

Globalization and Internalization Impact on the Community

Question: Does globalization threaten or enhance community? Answer: Introduction Globalization, internationalization has been the subject matter of debate among scholars. Both of these concepts have had a substantial place in our modern globe. Their significance lays in the improving of the contemporary communities particularly the community and society status, and the function on the world in which their interdependence has enhanced substantially(Kay, 2004). As a matter of actuality, internalization has had a good deal in surviving in the globe. However, others are stating that internalization is making the most of globalization, which is increasingly essential than in the past(Berkes, 2007). Consequently, to look into the aspect of globalization if it threatens or enhances the community there is a need to study and consider an example of society, and examine and discuss the ways in which globalization and internationalization are impacting either positively or negative on this community(Cochrane, 2007). This essay, therefore, aims at looking at these concepts a nd providing insight into the Australian community especially the multicultural community that is found in the urban and region areas of Australia and this will serve as an example for this essay. To begin with it is significance to understand the idea of globalization and internationalization. According to Kay (2004) Globalization is regarded as the intensification of the worldwide sociable relationship that can link the distant localities in a manner that the community occurring might be molded by proceedings that occurs many miles away. Further, according to Berkes (2007) highlights that globalization is the acceleration and the intensification of interaction that occurs among individuals, organization and the government of various nations. On the other hand, internationalization is regarded as the increased importance of the international trade, treaties, alliances as well as the international relations(Berkes, 2007). The globalization is considered as an unavoidable wave of the forthcoming days that is aimed to encourage the global economic integration of several formerly national economies into one global economy primarily for the sole purpose of free trade as well as fr ee capital mobility to the uncontrolled migration. The world currently has become different from the way it had previously been, because of globalization and internationalization(Harrison, 2012). With the advances in the technology as well as communication, it has become a deterritorialized, where there have been constraints of geography shrinks and the world becomes more singular and unified. The multicultural communities in the Australia have been a focus on the research. In the urban and the regional areas, we find the array of culturally diverse communities. Around the quarter of the population of Australia, it is usually composed of a citizen who was either born overseas or migrated to Australia. Some of the suburbs found in the cities and the large regional based towns and residents are composed of multicultural(Narula and Zanfei, 2005). In Australia, they are developing on their multicultural national identity. Even the schools and the neighborhood we find individuals from the various ethnic and cultural background who often c an speak more than one language. Highlighting on the positive and the negative effect of globalization and internationalization some individual see it as a power which can destroy the heritage as well as the culture of the multicultural community in the Australia(Whiteford, 2003). By them, this is a nightmare which is happening at present and would continue for the future generations. According to my view, I believe globalization and internationalization are impacting positively upon multicultural communities in Australia. This decision is based on the following analysis and relevant concepts based on the effect of globalization and internationalization. Through globalization and internationalization, there has been a global technological mecca empowering on the cultures thus allowing self-representation as well as facts sharing on a new level(Cochrane, 2007). The use of technology has provided the medium where depiction of the images and portrayals of the self-identity that can signifies that truism might be established. Via a global media, it bears allowed culture to have a distinct voice for endorsing the awareness as well as provided a community know-how and even understanding of their experiences as well as identities(Scholte, 2005). Further, through technology it has allowed communication of the relevant community accounts as well as their commentaries on the issues which are significant in the preservation of their culture and knowledge acquisition hence enabling them to retain on their diversity. It has also been evident that through globalization and internalization there has been privatization as well as commercialization of the knowledge thus, impacting on a learning community to develop. A knowledgeable community can be a driving force especially when it comes to the national and the international political, social as well as economic development. It is therefore important not to underestimate on the contributions of the global economy(Tilly, 1995). The ethnic groups in Australia have played a significant input on the knowledge community. Moreover, the dominant cultures would still prevail. Globalization and internalization have also played a decisive role in impacting on education in the multicultural community in Australia. It has made possible education to be available to the alien cultures that had previously no access to it(Zahra, Rawhouser, Bhawe, Neubaum and Hayton, 2008). This not only provided education opportunities, but also global jobs. Australia recognized th e immediacy of globalization, and they began in the establishment of guidelines to enshrine their cultural diversity that is within their educational framework, which meets the requirements of the emerging globalization and internationalization trends. On the aspect of cultural level, it has been evident that the world has shifted from the national culture to mixed cultures across the globe. In Australia, there are diverse cultures due to multicultural groups that have existed. Consequently, this has resulted in homogenized global culture rather than nationalism(Diaz and Zirkel, 2012). Moreover, the aspects of globalization and internationalization have impacted on the provision of efficient market and wealth equality across the globe. The need arises for an efficient market to every economy to strive well and the community to benefit when there is an equilibrium between the sellers and the buyers. Additionally, the creation of jobs has been possible for individuals in this community. Some have started their businesses and can provide comfort for their families(Whiteford, 2003). This is a good thing especially when it bring the aspect of increased competition which entails that business that are operating need to provide high-quali ty products. Conclusion Individuals live and develop their potential in the social groups. Throughout the history, the multicultural community in Australia has been defining the characteristics of the human society. All throughout the 20th and the 21st Century, people have found themselves in the globalized world that has been influenced though economic, social, and the cultural impact that is coming from various sources. This process has been a challenge to the human and the social rights and has significantly affected the individual and their social development. Nonetheless, with globalization and internationalization, it has impacted the multicultural community positively in Australia. This has been through the provision of efficient markets, increased competition, wealth equality globally, input of the knowledge community, empowerment of the cultures and impacted on education. This shows a significant changes especially in this community, and despite some scholars disagreeing on these concepts, I believ e they have impacted positively. References Berkes, F., 2007. Community based conservation in a globalized world. Proceeding of the National academy of sciences, pp. 15188-15193. Cochrane, F., 2007. Civil society beyong the state: The impact of diaspora communities on peace building. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, pp. 2(2), pp.19-29. Diaz, J. and Zirkel, S, 2012. Globalization, psychology, and social issues research: An introduction and conceptual framework. Journal of Social Issues, pp. pp.439-453. Harrison, N., 2012. Investigating the impact of personality and early life experienced on intercultural interaction in internationalized universities. International journal of intercultural Relations, pp. 36(2), pp. 224-237. Kay, S., 2004. Globalization, power, and security. Security Dialogue, pp. 35(1), pp.9-25. Narula, R. a. Z. A., 2005. Globalisation of innovation (pp.318-345). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scholte, J., 2005. Globalization: A critical introduction. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan. Tilly, C., 1995. Globalization threatens labor's rights. International labor and working class history, pp. 1-23. Whiteford, G., 2003. Enhancing occupational opportunities in communities: Politics' third way and the concept of the enabling state. Journal of Occupational Science, pp. 10(1), pp.40-45. Zahra, S. A., Rawhouser, H.N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D.O. and Hayton, J.C, 2008. Globalization of social entreprenuership opportunities. Strategic entreprenuership Journal, pp. 117-131.

Research on the Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Company Performance free essay sample

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data FAN Libo YUAN Xin WANG Su School of Business, University of International Business and Economics, P. R. China, 100029 Abstract: It is well known that knowledge economy is mainly based on intellectual capital. Intellectual capital plays a key role in enterprise’s value promotion. In fact, the good intellectual capital control system can bring the positive influence to the enterprise achievements. It is important to make empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance to create value and enhance the enterprise achievements. In the paper, we take the relation analysis between intellectual capital and enterprise performance as the main topic of our research. Based on the overseas and domestic scholars’ research, the paper selected companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges in intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry as well as banking and insurance industry as research samples in the period of 2007 to 2009, using Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) as the evaluation system. The paper constructed three empirical research model based on economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We hope to know the status of intellectual capital development in China especially in three industries and try to find out the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Finally, based on the empirical study results, we try to provide constructive suggestions for intellectual capital development. And also the paper pointed out the limitations of the research and provided some help for the follow-up study. Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Company Performance, Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) 1 Introduction and Literature Review In the knowledge economy, intellectual capital not only has become the driving force and an important source of value creation and sustainable development of enterprises, but also innovation and the key to profit growth. Over the past decade Chinas economy maintained a sustained rapid growth, how much did the intellectual capital, which is the core of value creation, contributed to the economic development of our country? Is the development of Chinas listed companies mainly dependent on intellectual capital or physical capital? Face of the transformation of the global economy and the domestic market economy, has the driving force of value creation Chinas enterprises transferred from physical capital to intellectual capital is an hot issue of business and theorists at present. We selected three industries (manufacturing, information technology, industry and finance and insurance) to explore the relationship between Intellectual capital and company performance of our country, with the hope of providing something useful theoretically and practically for the rational allocation of economic resources and the effective development and use of intellectual capital in the period of transition economies. Research on intellectual capital home and abroad mainly focused on three areas: the concept of intellectual capital, the composition and measurement of intellectual capital, and the relationship between intellectual capital and business development. The concept of intellectual capital was first put forward by the Senior in 1836, but was only used as a synonym for human capital. American scholar Calbraith (1969) considered that intellectual capital is not only a static capital with the form of pure knowledge, but also a dynamic process of effective use of knowledge, and this process is related to the achievement of organizational goals. His research extended the concept of intellectual capital from individual level to organizational level. Brooking (1996) attributed intellectual capital to all the general term for intangible assets which can enable the enterprises to operate , he believed that business = tangible assets + intellectual capital. Based on the theory of knowledge, Alexander (2004), Roland (2007) defined intellectual capital as the sum of knowledge resources which transformed from organizational knowledge and can enable the enterprises to realize its market value and enhance its existing assets. Many domestic scholars also made some research on the concept of intellectual capital, such as Tan Jinsong (2001) who defined intellectual capital as a form of human capital which can realize research and innovation and can make directorial allocation of corporation resources. Yuan Qinghong (2001), Wang Yong (2002), Zhang Xiaohong (2007) etc defined the concept of intellectual capital from the knowledge perspective, as well as Yan Huahai (2004) from the perspective of the characteristics of intellectual capital. The composition of intellectual capital is not only the main framework of understanding of the content of intellectual capital, but also an important basis of intellectual capital measurement tools. As a result, there are relatively large differences among domestic and foreign scholars in the field of the composition and measurement of intellectual capital. Currently there are dualism, ternary and pluralism theory. Dualists to Edvinsson and Malone (1997) are the representatives of the dualism theory, they hold the view that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital; Stewart (1994), Mohan (2005), Swart (2006) are the representative of ternary theory, they think that intellectual capital is composed of human capital, structural capital and customer capital and put forward the H-S-C structure; pluralists believe that intellectual capital is equivalent to intangible assets, they explain intellectual capital through the expansion and spread of the concept of intangible assets. Such as Brooking put that intellectual capital should be divided into four parts: market capital, intellectual property capital, human capital and infrastructure capital; based on the essence of the concept of Balanced Scorecard , Bassi (1999) divided intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital , process capital and customer capital. In essence, both the ternary theory and the pluralism theory have developed on the basis of the dualism. In the empirical researches of relationship between intellectual capital and company performance later, scholars also choose make different choices from the methods of classification of intellectual capital. In the empirical researches of intellectual capital and company development, most domestic and international researches focused on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Based on the ternary theory of intellectual capital, Nick Bontis (1998,2000) made an exploratory research on the measurement and the impact of intellectual capital on company performance. He took a questionnaire survey in companies in Canada and Malaysia and used factor analysis and least squares analysis to do his research. He got the result that the three components of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital and customer capital) are mutually influenced, and that intellectual capital has significant positive effect on corporate performance. Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui used 81 companies of the 100 greatest cross-border manufacturing and service companies of the United States as his sample and used least squares analysis to study the relationship between intellectual capital and return on total assets based on value-added method. Finally he found that intellectual capital had played a positive and significant role in the performance of multinational companies of the United States. Marvidis (2004,2005) selected banks in Japan and Greece as the objects of his study, and found that intellectual capital and physical capital both had significantly positive effect on value adding, and that the impact of intellectual capital is greater than the impact of physical capital. Using the data of companies of South Africa, Steven Firer conducted a research on the relationship between company performance( profitability, productivity, market assessment) and the three components of VAIC(Value Added Intellectual Coefficient):VAHU(Value Added Human Capital Coefficient)? STVA(Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient)and VACA(Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient), he found that human capital had a significant positive impact on production capacity, structure capital only had a modest positive impact on profitability, however, South African market still focused on the return to physical capital. Based on different intellectual capital structure theory, domestic scholars chose different industries to make empirical research. Chen Jin (2004) divide intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital and customer capital and put forward a system of qualitative indicators of the measurement of intellectual capital. Besides, he did a questionnaire survey in the high-tech enterprises of Zhejiang Province, and found that both intellectual capital and its four components have significantly positive impact on company performance. More domestic scholars chose the dualism theory of the classification of intellectual capital; they selected different dependent variables and studied different industries. Such as Li Jiaming (2004) selected 30 listed companies of the computer industry, Bai Ming (2005) selected listed companies of telecommunications and computer industry, chemical industry and textile industry, Wan Xi (2006) used 41 of he best-operating listed companies in China as his sample, Yu Haizong and Deng Qian (2007) selected high-tech industry and textile industry, Liu Chao, et al(2008) selected listed companies of the information technology industry, Wang Xinli (2008) selected listed companies of information technology industry and textile industry, Tian Jing (2009) selected manufacturing and information technology industry , Lu Xin, et al (2009) selected listed companies of manufacturing industry, information technology industry and real estate industries as samples to make empirical research on the impact of physical capital, human capital and structural capital on company performance. Most scholars believed that there were a significantly positive correlation between intellectual capital and corporate performance, and that intellectual capital was a source of corporate profits, while physical capital was still the most important resource of business performance. In addition, there are scholars who do their research from different perspectives, such as Yuan Yijun (2006) focused on the value creation potential of intellectual capital. Taiwan scholars Tsai and Hua(2006) focused on the relationship between stock value and intellectual capital, Fu Chuanrui (2008) studied the relationship between intellectual capital and stock price, Zou Yan (2009) did an empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation capacity of the company, There are many unique aspects of the studies of domestic and foreign scholars on intellectual capital, but in general their studies are still inadequate in two aspects: Firstly, the problem lies in the design of corporate performance indicators. Although some scholars have selected a wide range of indicators, such as Steven Firer and S. Mitchell Williams (2003) chose profitability, productivity and market value as indicators of corporate performance, Taiwan scholar Shiu (2006) chose the net rate of total assets, total assets, gross margin and market valuation ratios as three corporate performance indicators, however, most scholars have selected one single performance indicator, hence they can get a comprehensive examination of the performance of enterprises; Secondly, most scholars chose to use cross-sectional data, ignoring the rapid variability feature of Chinese market, which may lead to empirical error of the conclusion. Because of these two weaknesses, this paper chose to use diversified business performance indicators, and the panel data of listed companies of 3 different industries as study sample to do empirical research. 2 Hypotheses and Design of the Research 2. 1 Hypothesis of the Research Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010) put that company performance includes economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. The logic is that if companies have good economic returns, it will be shown in financial result and profitability, thus causing companies to perform well in the stock market. Therefore, there are intrinsic links among economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. In this context, we choose economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance to measure company performance We approve that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital. Human capital includes basic and professional knowledge of the staff, their experience, problem-solving skills, and the ability to update and share their knowledge. Human capital is the core element of intellectual capital, employees who master the knowledge and skills well are an important source of competitive advantage of the company that is an ultimate deciding factor of company performance. In addition, the intellectual capital alone can not create value; it must be combined with physical capital. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H1: there is a positive correlation between human capital and company performance H1a: there is a positive correlation between human capital and economic performance H1b: there is a positive correlation between human capital and financial performance H1c: there is a positive correlation between human capital and stock market performance Structural capital includes organizational capital and relational capital, which includes management skills, information and networking systems, business process, corporate reputation and brand, customer relationship and so on. Value of human capital can not be achieved without the help of structure capital. Structure Capital enables companies to run in a high-quality and orderly way, it can provide a stage for the staff to achieve their accomplishment. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H2: there is a positive correlation between structural capital and company performance H2a: here is a positive correlation between structural capital economic performance H2b: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and financial performance H2c: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and stock market performance Physical capital is the basic resource for companies to survive and develop. However, with the development of our economy, the effect of intellectual capital is more and more obvious. Intellectual capital is more precious than physical capital, it can not be imitated, can not be replaced and it can enable companies to maintain competitive advantage. As a resul t, intellectual capital is the most important capital for companies. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H3: there is a positive correlation between physical capital and company performance H3a: there is a positive correlation between physical and economic performance H3b: there is a positive correlation between physical and financial performance H3c: there is a positive correlation between physical and stock market performance 2. 2 Research Design 2. 2. 1 Independent Variable Value-added intellectual capital coefficient (VAIC), which was put forward by Ante Pulic, is a popular method to evaluate intellectual capital. It has advantages such as it is simple; the data required is easy and credible. According to VAIC method, company performance depends on the ability to use financial capital and intellectual capital. We choose VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, which has three independent variables: VAHU (Value Added Human Capital Coefficient), STVA (Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient), VACA (Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient). Finally, VAIC (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient) is the sum of the three variables; the calculation method is as follows: VAHU= Value added(VA)/ Human Capital(HC) STVA= Structural capital(SC-VA)/ Value added(VA) VACA= Value added(VA)/ capital available(CA) VAIC=VAHU+STVA+VACA 2. 2. 2 Dependent Variable According to Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010), corporate performance is a system including economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We select Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) ,respectively ,to measure economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. 2. 2. 3 Control Variable As the capital structure can affect the cost and value of the corporation, it may lead to great difference in company performance; Second, different size of enterprises may cause different competitive environment and market position, thus the ability to get profit is not the same; In addition, the different efficiency of different enterprises will affect competitiveness, resulting in different company performance; Finally, different companies are at different stages of life cycle, that will have great impact on company performance. Therefore, we choose Asset-Liability Ratio (Lev), Firm Size (Size), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT) and Growth Ability (GR) as our control variables. For Firm Size (Size) we take the natural logarithm of total assets, and Growth Ability (GR) is measured by revenue growth ratio. Economic meaning and computing method of all variables are shown in table 1. 2. 2. 4 Sample Selecting and Data Filtering Different industries have different resource; this paper selected three industries that have distinctive characteristics to conduct research. They are manufacturing industry- a traditional industry, information technology industry high-tech industry and finance 7 insurance industries new service industry. In this way,we can explore the difference of the driving power of intellectual capital of different industries. Manufacturing industry is traditional, its production technology is mature and market is stable, it demands for a large number of employees, its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are low. Information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, its competition is fierce, and it demands for employees who have relatively higher quality . Financial insurance industry is a highly knowledge-intensive industries, its technological innovation is fast, product life cycle is short, and market is volatile. Its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are high. Table 1 Variable Definition Name of Variables |Economic implications |Calculation |Types of | | | | |Variables | |OM |Operating Margin |Operating Profit / Operating Income |dependent | | | | |variable | |ROE |Weighted Average Return on Equity |data from the annual reports of listed companies |dependent | | | | |variable | |P/B |Price-to-Book Ratio |yearly tradable market value / book value of net |dependent | | | |assets |variable | |VAHU |Value Added Human Capital |value added / human capital |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |STVA |Value Added Structural Capital |structural capital / value added |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |VACA |Value Added Capital Employed |value added / book value of net assets |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |Lev |asset-liability ratio |Liabilities / Total Assets |control | | | | |variable | |Size |Firm Size |Ln(total assets) |control | | | | |variable | |TAT |Total Asset Turnover |net operating income / average total assets*100% |control | | | | |variable | |GR |Revenue Growth Ratio |revenue growth of the year/ total operating |control | | | |income of last year *100% |variable | We select 1084 enterprises which are listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange market during the period of 2007-2009 as our sample. [1] There are 957 enterprises from manufacturing industry, 95 enterprises from information technology industry and 32 enterprises from finance insurance industry. Considering missing value and abnormal value may have bad affect on statistical results,we reject the companies which have missing data or have got special treatment during 2007-2009. Besides, we reject the companies whose human capital, structural capital and the book value of equity is negative. In addition, some manufacturing companies are traditional labor-intensive enterprise, whose value creating process relies less on knowledge. It makes no sense to include these companies in our research, thus we reject these labor-intensive industry: food beverage industry, textile fur industry, wood furniture industry, paper printing industry, petrochemical industry, plastics industry, metal nonmetal industry. After screening, the final sample has a total number of 856, including 267 in manufacturing industry, 38 in information technology industry, 20 in finance insurance industry. 2. 2. 5 Empirical Research Model For the purpose of our research, we tend to carry out empirical research based on these three models OM= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 1) ROE=? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 2) P/B= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 3) 3 Empirical Analyses 3. 1 Descriptive statistical analysis Based on the 2007-2009 panel data of three industries, we use STATA software to make a descri ptive statistical analysis of the variables; Results are shown in Table 2 Table 2 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of The Variables(Mean Value Analysis) |variables |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | |VAHU |3. 092875 |2. 2524454 |4. 0719365 | |STVA |0. 55692 |0. 862719 |0. 7286728 | |VAIN |3. 649795 |2. 7387173 |4. 8006093 | |VACA |0. 361888 |0. 2966731 |0. 3201595 | |VAIC |4. 011683 |3. 0353904 |5. 1207688 | |Lev |0. 447497 |0. 3786801 |0. 7816546 | |Size |21. 45758 |21. 419555 |25. 19223 | |TAT |0. 823411 |0. 8916649 |0. 1210483 | |GR |16. 68593 |19. 418836 |59. 894295 | |OM |0. 105386 |0. 1150212 |0. 4837577 | |ROE |0. 127199 |0. 1217382 |0. 2393567 | |P/B |2. 156659 |2. 1009317 |2. 8511109 | As is shown in the table, the mean value of VAIC of the manufacturing industry is 4. 011683, which indicates that each Yuan we put in our manufacturing industry will produce a value of 4. 011683 Yuan; and the mean value of VAIC of the information technology industry and the finance insurance industry are 3. 0353904 and 5. 1207688. Clearly, VAIC of the finance insurance industry gt; VAIC of the manufacturing industry gt;VAIC of the information technology industry, This result is contradict to our general sense that the efficiency of intellectual capital of the information technology industry should be higher than its efficiency of the manufacturing industry. To some extent, it points out that our business still depends more on the finance insurance industry and the manufacturing industry to create value. From the perspective of the structure of Value-added intellectual coefficient system, no matter it is the manufacturing industry, the information technology industry or the finance insurance industry, they all share one characteristic: the mean value of VAHU gt; the mean value of STVA gt; the mean value of VACA, that indicates that these three typical industries all rely more on human capital, followed by the structural capital, more on physical capital to create value. This shows the development level of intellectual capital is still in its infancy. In addition, of the three industry, the mean value of VAIN gt; the mean value of VACA , it indicates that even in traditional industries, such as the manufacturing industry, companies have begun to rely more on intellectual capital to create value, rather than relying solely on material and financial capital to create value. This conclusion is consistent to the study results of Zeghal (2000),Firer and Williams (2003). 3. 2 Correlation Analysis We use Pearson Correlation Analysis Method to test the correlation of the variables of the three industries. Table 3 reflects that in Chinas manufacturing enterprises, Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU) and Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) are significantly positive correlated, but the positive correlation between VAHU and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not significant. Table 3 Correlation Analysis variable |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | | | | | | | | |R? |? 0 |VAHU | |H1a |supported |supported |rejected | |H2a |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3a |undetermined undetermined |undetermined | |H1b |supported |supported |supported | |H2b |supported |supported |undetermined | |H3b |supported |undetermined |rejected | |H1c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | |H2c |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | Note: M represents manufacturing industry, IT represents information technology industry, FI represents finance insurance industry. For the intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) is not obvious. This indicates that although currently the organizational structure and relational capital of Chinas intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises is relatively stable, they still have not reached the best state. The investment companies put in structural aspect such as production process design control and organizational management, as well as the investment companies put in relational aspect such as market and customer management all have great contribution on company performance. The investment companies put in human capital contribute significantly to the economic and financial performance of the company; however, it can not be reflected in the stock market. The reason may lies in that stock market investors believe human capital does not have obvious impact on the market value and development potential of the companies because of the relatively stable organizational structure and management system, as well as relatively high turnover rate of high-quality employees and low turnover rate of low-quality employees. The investment companies put in physical capital can be reflected in the financial performance, while it has little contribution to the economic and stock market performance. The possible reason may be that China’s manufacturing industry has already entered the mature stage, thus the investment companies put solely on physical capital has already entered the diminishing stage of margin utility and its impact on the upgrading of company performance is limited. For information technology enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has little impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) or Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of information technology industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. On one hand this may be due the growth and development time of Chinas information technology industry is still limited, the organizational structure and management system is still not perfect; on the other hand, the stage of Chinas information technology industry and its innovation ability are in urgent need to be improved. The potential contribution human capital can have on company performance has not been prominent; the overall efficiency of intellectual capital still has large room for improvement. The reason why the investment companies put in physical capital has little impact on company performance may lies in that information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, companies should pay more attention to the creativity of employees and the quality of information, and to ensure full and timely supply of information and services is extremely critical. Comparatively speaking, investment on materials is not that important. For finance insurance enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that VAHU has positive impact on Operating Margin(OM); Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that STVA has positive impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of finance insurance industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. The efficiency of human capital of finance insurance companies of China can be reflected through financial performance, but can not be reflected through economic or stock market performance; the efficiency of structural capital can be reflected through economic performance, but can not be reflected through financial or stock market performance. This may be due to finance insurance industry has higher requirement for its employees comparing to other industries, the corresponding higher salary leads to higher labor cost. Besides, our finance insurance market is still immature, its market customer development, organizational structure, management system and working process design are still in an exploration stage, resulting in that the investment companies put in intellectual capital haven’t had obvious contribution to the enhancement of company performance. In addition, finance insurance industry is a highly intellectual capital-intensive service industry, comparatively speaking, the investment in physical capital is not as important as in intellectual capital for the companies. Finally, no matter in which industry, neither the investment companies put in intellectual capital nor physical capital has obvious impact on stock market performance, which may be due to that stock market investors don’t concern much about the efficiency of capital of the companies when they buy stocks. Two reasons may explain this phenomenon. Firstly, the investment companies put in intellectual capital is still on a low level, stock market investors it might be because of our intellectual capital in business investment is still in the lower level, investors are not willing to pay more for the low efficiency of intellectual capital. Secondly, the investment behavior of China’s stock market is still not rational; investors pay little attention on the value and potential of the companies. Correspondingly, because the stock market does not care enough about intellectual capital, companies may easily lose their enthusiasm and passion about continually invest in it. In addition, there are numerous factors that may affect the stock market, not only the operating situation of the companies, but also the psychological expectations of investors, Asymmetric and incomplete Information, floating capital and so on. 5 Summary and Limitation of the Research From our research based on the panel data of intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry and finance insurance industry ,we can learn that there exists difference in the efficiency of intellectual capital to create efficiency among different industries. Comparatively, the efficiency of intellectual capital of finance insurance industry is the highest, while because that information technology industry is still at an immature stage, the efficiency of intellectual capital is not quite clear. Besides, the driving force of capital to create value lies in human capital and structural capital, while the effect of physical capital is relatively low, In the future, companies should pay attention to the structure of the driving force to create value in order to improve the efficiency of capital. For manufacturing industry, along with maintaining the existing efficiency of human capital, companies should pay attention to the improvement of organizational structure and management system to enhance the efficiency of structural capital. Through these efforts can the companies maintain the driving force to create value inside the organizations and avoid the risk of losing high-quality employees. For Information technology industry, there is still large room for the development of intellectual capital; companies should spare no effort to enhance the efficiency pf human capital and structural capital in order to become truly technology-intensive enterprises. For finance insurance industry, along with maintaining the relatively high level of efficiency of intellectual capital, companies should strengthen the impact intellectual capital and physical capital had on company performance and hence promote the development of the industry, Because we use the VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, we can not avoid the limitation of this method. In the future, we hope that more effective ways to measure intellectual capital can be found. In this paper we divide company performance into economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance in order to examine company performance comprehensively, However, as there are natural links among these indicators, in the future we hope through factor analysis, one single comprehensive indicator can be extracted to reflect company performance. In addition, we take the dualism theory of intellectual capital and test the relationship between company performance and intellectual capital. However, human capital can not create value on its own, to some extent; it needs to rely on structural capital to contribute to company performance. The question that whether there is mutual promotion relationship between these two kinds of capital still need further study to answer?