The Symptoms and Signs of PDDNOS Essay Example For Students

The Symptoms and Signs of PDDNOS Essay For the most part, kids are 3 to 4 years of age before they show enough manifestations for guardians to look for an analysis. There is no set example of manifestations and signs in kids with PDDNOS. Realize that a wide scope of decent variety is found in kids with PDDNOS. All the things of conduct depicted in this area are regular in these kids, however a solitary youngster rarely shows all the highlights one after another. At the end of the day, all kids with PDDNOS don't have a similar degree or force of the turmoil. PDDNOS can be mellow, with the kid displaying a couple of indications while in the school or neighborhood condition. We will compose a custom exposition on The Symptoms and Signs of PDDNOS explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Other youngsters may have an increasingly serious type of PDDNOS and experience issues in all parts of their lives. As a result of the likelihood that PDDNOS and Autistic Disorder are on a continuum, numerous clinical highlights depicted in the accompanying segment are fundamentally the same as those being portrayed in the writing for Autistic Disorder. A few newborn children with PDDNOS will in general stay away from eye to eye connection and exhibit little enthusiasm for the human voice. They don't for the most part set up their arms to be gotten in the manner that run of the mill kids do. They may appear to be unconcerned with warmth and only occasionally show facial responsiveness. Subsequently, guardians frequently think the youngster is hard of hearing. In kids with less deferrals, absence of social responsiveness may not be clear until well into the second or third year of life. In youth, youngsters with PDDNOS may keep on indicating an absence of eye to eye connection, yet they may appreciate a tickle or may latently acknowledge physical contact. They don't create normal connection conduct, and there may appear to be an inability to bond. For the most part, they don't follow their folks about the house. The greater part don't show ordinary detachment or more interesting nervousness. These youngsters may move toward an outsider nearly as promptly as they do their folks. Numerous such kids show an absence of enthusiasm for being with or playing with other kids. They may even effectively maintain a strategic distance from other youngsters. In center adolescence, such kids may build up a more prominent mindfulness or connection to guardians and other recognizable grown-ups. In any case, social challenges proceed. They despite everything have issues with bunch games and shaping companion connections. A portion of the kids with less serious PDDNOS may get engaged with different childrens games. As these kids develop more seasoned, they may get warm and agreeable with their folks and kin. Nonetheless, they despite everything experience issues understanding the intricacy of social connections. A few people with less serious disabilities may have a longing for fellowships. In any case, an absence of reaction to different people groups interests and feelings, just as an absence of comprehension of diversion, regularly brings about these adolescents saying or doing things that can slow the advancement of kinships. Hindrance in Nonverbal Communication In youth, youngsters with PDDNOS may build up the solid signal of pulling grown-ups by the hand to the item that is needed. They frequently do this without the regular going with outward appearance. They only from time to time gesture or shake their heads to fill in for or to go with discourse. Kids with PDDNOS by and large don't partake in games that include impersonation. They are more uncertain than commonplace youngsters to duplicate their folks movement. In center and late youth, such youngsters may not often use motions, in any event, when they comprehend different people groups motions genuinely well. A few youngsters do create imitative play, however this will in general be dreary. For the most part, kids with PDDNOS can show delight, dread, or outrage, however they may just show the extraordinary of feelings. .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .postImageUrl , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:hover , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:visited , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:active { border:0!important; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:active , .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe 8aefed .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u72b4707b33538a551a03b8b8fe8aefed:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayThey regularly don't utilize outward appearances that customarily show unpretentious feeling. Appreciation of discourse in youngsters with PDDNOS is impeded to differing degrees, contingent upon where the kid is inside the wide range of PDDNOS. People with PDDNOS who additionally have mental impediment may never grow in excess of a restricted comprehension of discourse. Kids who have less extreme disabilities may adhere to basic guidelines whenever given in a prompt setting or with the guide of signals (e. g. , advising the youngster to put your glass on the counter, while highlighting the counter). At the point when debilitation is mellow, just the appreciation of unpretentious or unique implications might be influenced. Silliness, mockery, and normal expressions (e. g. , its falling down in buckets) can be mistaking for people with the most gentle PDDNOS. Numerous newborn children with PDDNOS don't jibber jabber, or may start to chatter in their first year yet then stop. At the point when the kid creates discourse, the person regularly shows variations from the norm. Echolalia (apparently aimless redundancy of words or expressions) might be the main sort of discourse a few youngsters obtain. In spite of the fact that echolalic discourse may be delivered precisely, the kid may have restricted understanding of the importance. Previously, it was believed that echolalia had no genuine capacity. Later examinations have discovered that echolalia can serve a few capacities, for example, self-incitement (when a kid says words or expressions over and over without an informative purposejust in light of the fact that it feels better); as a stage between a youngster being nonverbal and verbal; or as an approach to convey (Prizant Rydell, 1993). Other kids build up the proper utilization of expressions duplicated from others. This is regularly joined by pronoun inversion in the beginning phases of language improvement. For example, when the kid is asked How right? the person may answer You are fine. The genuine creation of discourse might be disabled. The childs discourse might resemble that of a robot, portrayed by a dull, level conveyance with little change in pitch, change of accentuation, or passionate articulation. Issues of articulation are basic in small kids with PDDNOS, yet these frequently reduce as the kid gets more established. There might be a striking differentiation between obviously articulated echolalic discourse and ineffectively articulated unconstrained discourse. A few youngsters have a reciting or monotonous discourse, with odd prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words. An inquiry like sound might be utilized for explanations. Odd breathing rhythms may deliver staccato discourse in certain kids. Anomalous sentence structure is much of the time present in the unconstrained discourse of verbal youngsters with PDDNOS. Accordingly: expressions might be transmitted (brief and monotone) and contorted; expressions of comparative sound or related importance might be jumbled; a few articles might be marked by their utilization; relational words, conjunctions, and pronouns might be dropped from phrases or utilized erroneously. At the point when youngsters with PDDNOS do create practical discourse, they may not utilize it in conventional manners. Such youngsters will in general depend on dull expressions. Their discourse doesn't normally pass on creative mind, reflection, or unpretentious feeling. They for the most part experience issues looking at anything outside of the quick setting. They may go on and on about their unique advantages, and they may discuss similar snippets of data at whatever point a similar subject is raised. The most capable people can trade solid snippets of data that intrigue them, yet once the discussion leaves from this level, they can get lost and may pull back from social contact. Normal back and forth conversational gab is inadequate. Along these lines, they give the impression of talking at somebody, instead of with somebody. The uncommon reactions of kids with PDDNOS to nature take a few structures. Numerous kids are angry with changes in the recognizable condition. Indeed, even a minor difference in ordinary daily schedule

Origin Of Heiroglyphics Essays - Egyptian Languages,

Inception of Heiroglyphics Inception of Heiroglyphics Old Egypt invokes considerations of a extraordinary human advancement, one exceptionally progressed for now is the ideal time. The Ancient Egyptians designed every single diverse type of writing, including verse and short stories, and they were amazingly exceptional to the extent craftsmanship, medication, science, also, religion went. One of the more baffling viewpoints to Ancient Egyptian development was their utilization of hieroglyphics. Not very many individuals right up 'til today can comprehend the perplexing language. The starting point of these hieroglyphics appears to likewise to be misconstrued by numerous individuals. Some believe that since the Egyptians were such a nearby, inflexible society that they concocted the type of composing called hieroglyphics, however that is essentially false. The birthplace of utilizing pictures to speak to things can be followed right back to stone age man times, yet the primary impact for the Egyptians originated from the place where there is Sumer. Actually, the start of Egyptian human progress was fundamentally the same as that of the Sumerians. By 500 b.c., cultivating settlements were built up and down the Nile River (Warburton, 69). Human progress in Egypt brought issues like those that emerged in Sumer, however it was the developing government organization, not business, that made the requirement for composing, and the inevitable improvement of hieroglyphics. Since the Nile overflowed each year, the Egyptian ranchers had started to manufacture barriers to keep the floodwaters out of towns, bowls to catch and hold the water after the floods retreated, and water system waterways to convey the water all through the fields (Warburton, 70). Those undertakings required an exceptionally sorted out exertion among each one of the ranchers, and a solid focal government and organization created to oversee and control this exertion. In the end, this administration, counting the lord, the high society, and the ever amazing ministers in control, turned into a tremendous, unbending system that dealt with everybody's life. By 3100 b.c., at the point when the Sumerians had designed their image composing, it had gotten incomprehensible to run that organize without a precise record-keeping framework (Warburton, 74). For quite a while before at that point, the Egyptians had been exchanging gold and cloth with numerous different nations from all through the center east. In return, they got lumber, jewels, copper, and fragrance (World Book Encyclopedia, 224). While exchanging the place that is known for Sumer, the Ancient Egyptian brokers more likely than not saw how supportive a composed language was and how it could help their legislatures organization work considerably more easily. At that point, they took back the thought back to Egypt, where it was rapidly and straightforwardly acknowledged. The Egyptians, in any case, didn't recognize the getting from Sumerian culture. Rather, they accepted that composing had been developed by their lord of learning, Thoth, so they called it expressions of the divine beings (Warburton, 70). What's more, since composed words came from the divine beings, they had mystical forces. Via cutting an individual's name on a burial place or landmark, the Egyptians accepted that they were assisting with keeping that individual alive in the event that they had passed on. Also, by deleting an individual's name from the engravings would cause the individual to vanish. Words were incredible to such an extent that placing a composed rundown of items in a burial chamber was the same as placing the articles in themselves. Since the Egyptians accepted that an individual's life was bound up in his name, the Egyptian Kings regularly had five names, the most significant being the seat and original names (Harris, 18). Egyptians built up this blessing from the divine beings into their own novel composing framework, utilizing the pictograms they obtained from the Sumerians yet attracting them an altogether different style. When the Egyptians initially began composition, they utilized basic pictures to speak to objects, similarly as the Sumerians had. In blend, these photos could likewise portray an occasion. Egyptians, similar to Sumerians, must have rapidly understood the confinements of composing with just pictograms. Their populace what's more, business was developing quickly, requiring a much progressively precise record-keeping framework. Likewise, the intensity of the rulers was developing as was their longing to extol themselves, particularly on the monstrous burial chambers they had fabricated. They couldn't utilize pictograms to state The King triumphed over his foes in a relentless triumph (Helfman, 42). The ministers, who at the time, were the main ones who could peruse and compose, reacted by creating ideograms and afterward phonograms, as the Sumerians had. Ideograms were pictorial images that were used to convery conceptual thoughts (Encyclopedia Americana, 179). For model, the image of the sun could likewise demonstrate the possibility of ?day' or ?light.' The image for the thistle could likewise mean ?sharp.' At a later stage, the image images came to be utilized to compose different words that just seemed like the name of the item drawn. A

Lives Of The Saints Essay Example For Students

Lives Of The Saints Essay Lives of the Saints Lives of the SaintsLives of the Saints is a story that looks at the complexities and tribulations of regular daily existence in a little town.Throughout the novel, we find that even the most dependable and caring people live mystery lives away from plain view, and that the surface appearance of minor networks can be very deceptive.Some individuals spend their whole grown-up lives attempting to thump down these entryways and find reality, however maybe they are neglecting the way in to the lockour kids. Vittorio Innocente is a little fellow who has not generally satisfied his name.My participation at school had not been standard it had some way or another dropped out that Id invested a lot of class energy meandering up to the highest point of Colle di Papa or down to the waterway with my companion Fabrizio, imparting to him the cigarettes he filched from his father.La Maestra had visited my mom one evening, to inform her concerning my truancy and indecencies. (9).We find that Vitto is attempting to pivot his poor school propensities, and has been attempting to peruse a novel called Principi Matematici, however to no avail.As he sat abandoned on page three of his scientific victory, he was overwhelmed by an abundance of distractions.The brilliant sun was sparkling down on him that day, or so it appeared, for as he was floating off to rest the stifled yell of a man broke what might give off an impression of being his last charming day; at any rate for quite a while. Youth can be a delicate thing.It is normally accepted that youngsters see the world through various eyes.Everything appears to be new and fascinating to them, where we become immersed with the subtleties of our regular lives.The eyes of Vittorio Innocente go about as a defend, apparently shielding him from truth and risk that he can't see.Since the occurrence with the snake, Vittorio had seen that his mom had been minding her own business, working in the garden.However, he was unable to comprehend what wasn't right with her, and couldn't make sense of why the family unit appeared to be so empty.A cloak appeared to have fallen among us, and for some time I had breast fed this antagonism like a valuable injury I could some way or another go to advantage; however the spending days brought just a developing ungainliness, as though my mom and I had out of nowhere become outsiders, without any words currently to connect the quietness between us (74).Vittorios wellbeing goggles additionally help him when the posse of young men welcome him up to the mountain.He can't see the threat that has come to pass for him.Luckily, his companion Fabrizio spares him in the nick of time, and demonstrates that he is a genuine companion. Lamentably, to each favorable position there are a couple disadvantages.When Fabrizio spares Vitto on the mountain, he doesnt comprehend what has happened.I felt myself flush with outrage and despise, abhor for Fabrizio, my solitary companion, who appeared to be out of nowhere dumb and pointless past all bearing (127).Eventually, as Vittorio makes his movement towards development, he understands that he had thought little of his companion, and they become nearer on account of it.As the well-known adage goes, numbness is bliss.But maybe on account of this young man, it isnt.Maybe in the event that he had the option to comprehend the seriousness of the difficult his family was in, he would have acted in an unexpected way. Lives of the Saints likewise manages the differentiation of good and wickedness, something that Vittorio runs over on various events all through the story.(There are unquestionably more characters in this story then I could specify on these pages, so I will expound on the individuals who had the best impact on Vittorio).His experience with Luciano of Rocca Secca is one of the key components in the book.For his seventh birthday celebration, Vittorio and his mom travel to Rocca Secca to get him some birthday presents.On their way towards the market, Cristina meets a tall, solid man that Vittorio has never seen.The man (Luciano) conveys him piggyback down to a confined neighborhood, and takes a huge one-lira coin out of his pocket.Luciano reveals to him the account of how he got it during the war, and how it spared his life.Vittorio is shocked when Luciano gives him the coin as a birthday present, and discloses to Vitto that it will bring him good karma. .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .postImageUrl , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:visited , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:active { border:0!important; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:active , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5f1db fce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Breaking Up (Online or Not) EssayFor years, La Maestra had been a name that struck dread into the hearts of kids in Valle de..l Sole.She had a specific abhorrence for Vittorio as a result of his conduct in class, alongside his steady absences.But when his moms issue becomes regular information around the town, La Maestra has sympathy for the youthful boy.Knowing that the more seasoned young men are after him, she requests that he remain after school and clear the floors or do different errands in the classroom.Eventually, their quiet kinship develops to that of a mother-child relationship.Seeing that Vittorio has change d his study hall propensities, La Maestra starts perusing him stories from a book called Lives of the Saints.It is loaded up with the narratives of numerous holy people and the great deeds they had done.Vittorio likes the book so much that he carries it home with him now and then, captivated with the tales.On the day preceding he leaves before America, she gives him the book to keep.I trust youll live by it, she says.I trust youll follow their example(172). No ifs, ands or buts, the most faithful and caring individual in this story (barring his mom) is Fabrizio.Throughout the novel, we see that Fabrizios life isn't a simple one.He originates from probably the least fortunate family in the network, and his dad, being a drunkard, beats him regularly.Despite his grim home life, he despite everything figures out how to act merry and neighborly around Vittorio.The pivotal occasion in their fellowship is when Fabrizio spares Vitto from the pack of young men on the mountain.Fabrizio readily relinquished himself for Vittorios wellbeing, tossing his body into an irate crowd of greater and more grounded boys.Perhaps it is his encounters with his dad that made him so intense and courageous.In any case, Vittorio never truly values his steadfast companion until his last day in Valle del Sole, when Fabrizio gives him his most valuable belonging, his jackknife.They become spit siblings and promise that they will meet again some time or another in Amer ica. The component of abhorrence has not been deserted in the text.We discover it on almost every page, sneaking in the shadows of each fissure Vittorio uncovers.It first comes as a blue-peered toward stranger, who breaks Cristis guiltlessness, and possibly the blamelessness of Valle del Sole.We later discover underhanded in the nearby ladies who spread tattle around town and take a gander at Vittorios family with disgust.The last (and generally significant) component of insidiousness is found on the boat, while heading towards America.Its name is Dr. Cosabene, who is a casualty of alcohol.After being acquainted with the specialist at the last supper, Vittorio and his mom took a prompt hating to him; he appeared to ask such a large number of questions.I didnt intend to agitate la signora-however I wonder why a lady in her state would travel?Why not hold up one more month or two, and have the infant at home?(211).After the enormous feast, the specialist stayed in the eating lobby wit h his own jug of wine and found a spot on a lounge chair to lie down.He appeared to be familiar with having storms on the boat, and wouldn't come back to his room.A not many hours after the fact, when Vittorio returns scrambling for the specialist to let him know of his moms torments, he is uninterested. My mom needs you to come, says the youthful boy.Leave only me, answers the specialist in a tanked daze. Youre that womans child, arent you, the pregnant one who thinks shes a princess (221).When the specialist is at last persuaded to determine the status of Cristina, he just makes matters worse.Upon his appearance in Vittos room, Cristina sees his condition and says:You sme

Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

After that author clarify the idea of lease looking for as † controlling financial assets for benefit instead of utilizing their own thoughts † this idea clear the primary concern that why there are less open doors for representatives and daring people as the entire economy and the business circle is spin around certain people. Business is seen by financial expert to characterize a blend of development and hazard taking whenever monetary assets are controlling chances of the general public turns into a wellspring of development, work just as open doors for all fragment of society.In Pakistan advancement and hazard taking isn't energized in light of government contribution in commercial center. Primary focal point of this exploration paper is at the beginning of arranging when security and auxiliary strategies decided champs in commercial center. Enterprise has been redirected to looking for government favors. As government arrangements look to advance development through mercantilism approach where nearby purchasers and venders ran their market are truly neglect.Another significant issue that contend by the essayist is land dissemination and city zoning and the board that have developed to additionally fortify the pervasive lease looking for way to achievement in the outcome urban communities are structured not permitted to be a radiance of purchasing and selling that will be business enterprise well disposed. As Joseph Schumacher, the most significant pioneer in the territory of basic connection among business enterprise and financial development [Schumacher (1934)]. A misuse financial asset to exploit or to gain benefit as opposed to utilizing claims thought s lease chasing. Monetary specialist grow exertion toward endeavoring to impact to impact government races in support of them so as to collect riches. Mr.. Anadem LU Huge clarifies the advancement of business enterprise in Pakistan as the huge push for industry . Author need to remark that sin ce autonomy , endeavor or government was equal to huge industry as it were. Rather than upgrading efficiency or empowering industry development the center was to give rise a few elites which are lease seekers.Writer said that in first years after freedom, nation has accomplished enormous development. After that from 1953-1964 government manage all import in Pakistan. After the enormous push essayist additionally feature that the disregard of little industry made a wreck as 40% of business happens in the casual part and still when contrasted with huge scope industry , the little scope endeavor face ominous leslies After that author said that horticulture development was amazing in the early years in which transpiration and high return assortments have become the wellspring of lease seeking.Anadem LU Haste's fundamental contention was a gigantic kindness to lease searchers in an agribusiness segment as incitement to put , interest in tube wells was given to author has likewise referen ced that DAB (rural advancement bank ) followed a liberal credit strategy that makes various advances to ranchers so they could set up private cylinder wells. He said that 70% of cylinder wells were placed in by ranchers possessing 25 sections of land or more. All these were motivation to give advantage to huge ranchers as world class rancher strategy.Anadem LU Huge likewise said that endowments for trade approach additionally become a casualty of debasement as this arrangement again preferred enormous scope industrialization business have developed on the rear of different defensive estimates that have a tilt toward lease looking for as opposed to government assistance improvement . Every one of that issues lead to unintended outcomes that in 1950 there were 3000 firms yet fixation was uniquely on 7 individual families.Further Anadem LU Huge express that 22 families controlled 66% of the mechanical resources 70%of the protection and 80% of Nanking in sound's system. Another result given by essayist was obstruction to the development of business in Pakistan is that advancement has been disabled. Seriously restricted as the arranging land improvement and designation in Pakistan has been a lease looking for circumstance including every one of people with great influence including government workers, legal executive, and the army.Every award in Pakistan identified with arm powers has land in sections of land. One of the significant riches gathering technique that has developed quicker over years in the state arrangement of financed land to those with influence. The entire inquiry depends on improvement of enterprise in Pakistan as these things can be evacuated and the open doors for private companies and new thoughts can be given by executing rule of law.The job of government ought to be clear, peace, lawful framework and Judiciary ought to fortify complexity. There is a need to stop strategy of part picking and giving motivating force to help it . Another develo pment methodology is expected to execute to move the development worldview in Pakistan fixation should concentrate on making urban communities and giving chance to the individuals who have potential and thoughts that will assist with developing business in Pakistan.

Strength and Weakness of Open Market Operation

Question: Talk about the Strength and Weakness of Open Market Operation. Answer: Presentation: One of the most generally utilized and dynamic money related strategy utilized by national banks in a nation with very much created capital market is open market activity. Money related totals would be controlled in a progressively adaptable manner utilizing this arrangement instruments. Open market tasks is the activity taken by fiscal expert for selling and buying of budgetary resources in capital market alongside Effectiveness of other financial strategy instruments, for example, hold prerequisite and markdown arrangement can be fortified utilizing the open market activity (Adrian and Liang 2016). There is an immediate and prompt effect on bank holds that influences the credit making limit of banks. Conversation: Nature of cash Creation and its Impact on Economy: Capital market financing cost and money rate in the economy is influenced through the entire structure of loaning and store rates. Loaning and store rates doesn't generally keep in pace with money rate in view of variance in level of rivalry in the financial division. Cash is made by banks as stores and by making new advances. Cash is made by banks at whatever point they purchase a benefit from clients and loan cash in economy. The monetary record of the business segment increments when the cash is made through loaning (Battiston et al. 2016). Be that as it may, a few elements cause contrast between the measures of cash made and disseminated in the economy. Point of open market activity of national banks impacts the money stores and amount of cash in the economy. As per the expansion and diminishing in the money stores of national banks, the banks try to build, decline the credit and venture. At the point when the Federal Reserve purchases the administration securities, new cash is utilized to pay for them and this put power over the size of cash flexibly. Cash gracefully quickly goes up once the administration protections are promptly purchased through the open market activities. This is so on the grounds that financing cost is affected by change in the cash flexibly and eventually speculation and sparing choices in the economy (Gandolfo 2013). Money rate in the currency advertise is dictated by the cooperation between the gracefully and request in the economy. On the off chance that more trade repayment reserves are provided by national banks contrasted with sum hold by business banks in the economy, banks would loan more cash in the money market and this would cause the money rate to fall. Procedure other route round would offer up the money rate. Money rate are feed through the entire structure of loaning and store rates. With the end goal for banks to fulfill hold necessity and oversee liquidity, banks loans and acquire cash in the interbank loaning rate. Limitation of save prerequisite is restricting all the occasions as banks once in a while hold critical abundance saves. Banking industry encounters a decrease in the hold necessity when the monitory arrangement is fix utilizing the open market activity (Brunnermeier and Sannikov 2016). Elective financial Policy Due to Ineffective of Open market Operation: Open market activity gets idle in serious emergencies and it influences the loan cost in typical occasions. National banks have made infusion of stores into the financial framework by embracing the offbeat fiscal approach of quantitative facilitating. At the point when the bank makes credits, it empowers the formation of cash. Banks in the outcome of budgetary emergency quit bringing in cash by method of loaning. A portion of the option money related approach embraced by a portion of the nations was Quantitative facilitating. Quantitative facilitating is a money related arrangement that is initiated by national banks for animating the neighborhood economy. Utilizing this arrangement, government increment the gracefully of cash in the economy and kept up lower pace of premium misleadingly and simultaneously giving clients additional cash to spend. Quantitative Easing Employed by Several Countries: Quantitative facilitating was utilized by central bank with the expectation of directing the biggest economy through monetary emergency. In US, quantitative facilitating was combined with lower financing cost that help in opening up capital and this prompted ascend in cost of offers in the US economy. After the inception of quantitative facilitating started in the US. Given the stoppage in expansion in US, the national bank is mindful in raising the acquiring costs (Grubel 2014). In the wake of monetary development and in the wake of budgetary emergency, Bank of England has set out on quantitative facilitating. Considering quantitative facilitating program, UK government made new cash worth $ 550 billion (Taylor 2013). Presentation of this money related strategy helped in making generally speaking budgetary strength and credit conditions. Japan was tormented in ongoing history by moving downturn and flattening and the quantitative facilitating was portrayed as exertion of the nation in raising the cost and launching the development. Be that as it may, quantitative facilitating was not effective in causing the nation to free of steady collapse. Under the arrangement of quantitative facilitating, japan banks pledged to purchase government securities worth 46 billion every cash utilizing electronically made cash. Quantitative facilitating arrangement is seized on by the pundits of approach and how the monetary record would help in warding off flattening and downturn (Kindleberger 2015). The current fiscal strategy of japan planned for evacuating the deflationary inclination and the expansion pattern should be focused for expanding the speculation and utilization in the market of Japan. The prior money related arrangement was not fruitful in expanding the liquidity as it didn't prompted increment in residential interest. Strategy of Quantitative facilitating asked individuals to make expanded venture and utilization as abundance cash flexibly in the economy would prompt expansion sooner rather than later (Starr 2014). This strategy empowering simple acquisition of government securities can be a subject of political weight. End: From the above conversation, it very well may be reasoned that the achievement of open market activity is reliant on number of elements. Open market activity is insufficient if the administration protections advertise isn't very much differentiated and enormous. Open market activity has restricted effect if there is lacking flexibly of government protections. Use of fragmentary hold and open market activity neglect to accomplish the fiscal targets in the greater part of the cases. Accomplishment of open market activity and partial saves in the economy relies on the predominant monetary states of nation and conditions. It is basic to grow effectively protections showcase and changing the financing cost for accomplishing the open market activity destinations. Reference: Adrian, T. what's more, Liang, N., 2016. Fiscal approach, budgetary conditions, and monetary solidness. Battiston, S., Farmer, J.D., Flache, A., Garlaschelli, D., Haldane, A.G., Heesterbeek, H., Hommes, C., Jaeger, C., May, R. what's more, Scheffer, M., 2016. Unpredictability hypothesis and money related regulation.Science,351(6275), pp.818-819. Brunnermeier, M.K. what's more, Sannikov, Y., 2016.The I hypothesis of money(No. w22533). National Bureau of Economic Research. Gandolfo, G., 2013.International Economics II: International Monetary Theory and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Science Business Media. Grubel, H.G., 2014. A hypothesis of worldwide banking.PSL Quarterly Review,30(123). Kindleberger, C.P., 2015.A money related history of Western Europe. Routledge. Starr, R.M. ed., 2014.General harmony models of financial economies: Studies in the static establishments of fiscal hypothesis. Scholarly Press. Taylor, J.B., 2013.Getting off course: How government activities and intercessions caused, delayed, and declined the money related emergency. Hoover Press.

Read Harder with Works of Colonial and Postcolonial Literature

Read Harder with Works of Colonial and Postcolonial Literature Sponsored by Libby. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. Meet Libby. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. By downloading Libby to your smartphone, you can access thousands of eBooks and audiobooks from your library for free anytime and anywhere. You’ll find titles in all genres, ranging from bestsellers, classics, nonfiction, comics and much more. Libby works on Apple and Android devices and is compatible with Kindle. All you need is a library card but you can sample any book in the library collection without one. In select locations, Libby will even get your library card for you instantly. Learn more at https://meet.libbyapp.com/. Happy Reading. See all the Read Harder 2018 tasks here. What exactly are colonial and postcolonial literature? Before we get to some book recommendations, lets learn a little more about these terms. Colonial literature is most easily defined as literature written during a time of colonization, usually from the point of view of colonizers. The classic example is Joseph Conrads  Heart of Darkness, a novel about a man employed in the ivory trade who sails up the Congo River and witnesses the terrible effects of colonization and imperialism. Though Conrads novel is critical of the ivory trade, his focus is on the emotional and psychological effects colonization has on the colonizers themselves. The black people the narrator encounters are rarely portrayed as fully human. Id place this book firmly in the colonial category. Postcolonial literature, then, refers to literature written in a postcolonial period, generally by members of the colonized community. This literature is a reaction to colonization. Often, postcolonial literature turns established narratives upside down by responding to or reinterpreting popular colonial texts (as do some of the books below). I have to note that are a few problems with the term postcolonial. For one thing, it implies that the period of colonization is over. But some scholars argue that colonization continues in subtler ways, through things like Jim Crow laws, incarceration rates and police brutality, and the lingering effects of residential schools and Western interference in foreign governments. Its hard to define just when exactly a period of colonization was over and people began to react against it, especially when colonized people were likely protesting against it all along but silenced by their oppressors. Some critics protest that postcolonial literature defines work only in relation to a period of colonization rather than by its own qualities. There are no easy answers when we talk about colonization and decolonization. In this list, Ive tried to focus on works from colonial and postcolonial periods by members of a racialized or colonized communityâ€"especially books that deal explicitly with the lingering affects of colonization. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano Equiano was born in Eboe, an area now part of Nigeria, and kidnapped and sold into the slave trade as a child. He was moved around from plantation to plantation and sold multiple times, enduring horrific treatment. Eventually, he was able to purchase his freedom and settle in London. His autobiography, published in 1789, was so widely read and influential that it helped spark the Slave Trade Act of 1807, ending slavery in Britain and its colonies. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Achebes 1958 novel is an urgent, complex read, a true classic. The novel is about the protagonist Okonkwos life in an Igbo village and how that way of life is threatened and irrevocably damaged by white Christian missionaries and colonizers. Things Fall Apart  looks at how colonialism works on both an individual and societal level, and how Okonkwo internalizes colonialist attitudes.  Achebes success as an author was hugely influential and paved the way for many other Nigerian authors. And if you have read  Heart of Darkness, this is a great counterpoint to that book. Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys If youve read Jane Eyre, then youll remember that Mr. Rochester met his first wife in Jamaica and brought her back to England, only to eventually lock her in his attic. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys reinterprets this story from the perspective of Bertha Mason, aka Antoinette Cosway, imagining her difficult upbringing and the beginning of her unhappy marriage to Rochester. To say any more would spoil the book, but if youre a Bronte fan, you must read this. You will look at Jane Eyre in a whole new way. (And that is what many works of postcolonial literature help us doâ€"examine our internalized colonial ways of thinking and reading.) Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The story of childhood sweethearts Ifemelu and Obinze, reunited after years spent apart in other countries, Americanah is an entertaining and powerful novel. Adichie examines how race, and the lingering effects of colonialism, differ across borders. While Ifemelu attends an American university and becomes a well-known blogger on race issues, Obinze lives as an undocumented immigrant in the UK. Reunited in Nigeria after 13 years, the two have been altered in different ways by their experiences, a fact that forces them to learn each other all over again. The Inconvenient Indian by Thomas King I recommend this book to everyone I know, and have even written about it on Book Riot before, but its just that good. In this work of nonfiction, part cultural criticism and part history lesson, King examines how colonizers in North America created and exploited Indigenous stereotypes (and continue to do so). The Inconvenient Indian is a clear-eyed, darkly funny look at how colonization has been and is still embedded in all aspects of North American society, from movies to court rulings. Kings essay Godzilla vs. Post-Colonial, in which he writes about his problem with the term postcolonial, is also worth reading. Islands of Decolonial Love by Leanne Betasamosake Simpson This collection of short stories by Canadian Nishnaabeg writer and activist Leanne Betasamosake Simpson follows a wide spectrum of Indigenous characters in small towns, cities, and reserves. Simpsons writing is one of a kind, a mix of prose and poetry that explores how communities survive and thrive even in the face of continued oppression. She is also a musician and has released an album of the same name. The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz Junot Diaz was born in the Dominican Republic, the island where Christopher Columbus landed in 1492. Although already inhabited by the Taino people, the site became a European settlement until independence was declared by Dominicans in 1821. Diaz brings the full weight of this history to his hilarious, moving, and inventive novel The Brief Wondrous life of Oscar Wao. Oscar is a nerdy teenager, a Tolkien fanatic whose family is haunted by a curse. He lives in a Dominican community in New Jersey and dreams of finding love, or at least his first kiss, despite the curse hes sure has doomed him. An Untamed State by Roxane Gay Sharing an island with the Dominican Republic, the independent country of Haiti began with a slave revolt. Its also the country where Roxane Gays parents were born and the setting of her novel An Untamed State. When Mireille Duval Jameson and her family visit her parents in Haiti, the unthinkable happens: she is kidnapped, gang-raped, and tortured. As she waits for her wealthy but stubborn father to pay her ransom, she deals with unimaginable trauma. Gays writing is gripping, and the novel explores healing and forgiveness in intimate detail. Mireilles feelings toward Haiti itself are complicated and nuanced, affected by her American upbringing just as much as her Haitian ancestry. The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy Set in Kerala in 1969, The God of Small Things is about fraternal twins Esthappen and Rahel and their fractured family. Their mother escaped an abusive husband and returned to her family home, where her brother, Chacko, runs a pickle business and has an English ex-wife who comes to visit. A sprawling and imaginative novel, The God of Small Things examines the caste system, the position of women in Indian society, and the shifting postcolonial relationship between India and Britain. Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi Ill end my list here because Homegoing is a great example of both colonial and postcolonial literature. Yaa Gyasis sweeping novel, set before, during, and after the slave trade came to West Africa, is an ambitious look at one family over the course of hundreds of years. Focusing on two half-sisters, one sold into slavery and the other married to a white man and colonizer, the novel follows each womans descendants from plantation to coal mine to the streets of Harlem. Subscribe to Events to receive news and announcements about sitewide events, including daylong and weeklong bookish celebrations, as well as announcements of our Best Of and Anticipated  books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Narrative Perspective in Emma Donoghue’s Room - Literature Essay Samples

Telling a story through the eyes of a child is by no means a new literary technique. Fantastical novels such as Rowling’s Harry Potter and Laura Ingalls Wilder’s Little Cabin in the Big Woods use the younger generation for their central points of view. This tactic encourages a sense of adolescence discovery – almost magic – whilst simultaneously drawing the reader back in to their own childhood. Using this particular perspective changes the way the narration records the world, and thus how the story is told. In Room, Donoghue uses the five-year-old Jack as the narrative perspective. His infantile ignorance furthers the sense of tragedy; the reader is more aware of his situation than Jack is. Additionally, it enhances the feelings of alienation that are inevitable when entering the real world. It is also interesting to consider the impact on the novel if instead Ma were the narrator. The focus would perhaps have been more on the psychological side, and less on what Jack gives us; he records what he sees, and the simple emotions it makes him feel, without the further complications of an adult psyche. Fundamentally, the difference between an adult and child is a matter of perspective. In using Jack as the narrator, Room presents an alternate and usually unseen perspective. As Jack was born in Room, it is the only space, and only reality, he has ever known. Therefore, the place where he is unknowingly kept captive is defined as ‘home’, whilst the freedom of the outside world is ‘make believe’, something Jack only ever sees on television. This sense of subverted reality is approached from the beginning, where Jack and Ma’s routine temporarily convinces the reader that their existence within room is wholly normal: Another rule is, the wide of the walls is the same as the wide of Floor, I count eleven feet going both ways, that means Floor is a square. (p.26) Donoghue’s opening pages recount Jack and Ma’s days through their established routine. Almost like a list, Jack specifies their individual activities, including mealtimes, washing and activities. This excerpt comes from another pastime, where Jack decides to measure Room. This particular activity, above all the others, is especially significant. Whilst Jack thinks he it is merely a game, Ma understands the significance of this ‘square’; by measuring Room, Jack is essentially reducing their entire existence down to numbers. This is one of many examples where Jack simply lives out his usual routine, whilst an underlying unease is constantly present. There is a world beyond these four walls, yet Jack’s reality is so small. Furthermore, Jack’s narration capitalises all that he deems an important part of his life; as a child would name a stuffed toy, Jack names the different elements of Room. ‘Floor’ almost becomes a sentient being, as if he is playing with one of his friends, and this sense of misplaced normality increases. To conclude, it is these rules, games and rituals that simultaneously creates a life for Jack within Room, yet also will lead to inevitable problems when his world becomes much, much larger. Many experiences are measured through comparing one to another. For example, a common phrase in adult narrative perspectives is ‘it was the happiest day of my life’, relying on other days to compare this to. Before the eight years she spent in captivity, Ma grew up and experienced the outside world. As a child born in Room, Jack has not. Therefore, these events are not only enhanced by a child’s perspective, but also defined by Jack’s particular and unique experiences. Everything is so new that seemingly normal activities are sensationalised to such an extreme. This is particularly emphasised in Jack’s initial transition to the outside world: â€Å"I put on my cool shades to watch God’s yellow face in our window [†¦]† (p.231). Jack appears as if almost a new-born. The label ‘sun’ is something that we are taught about from such a young age that it not longer occurs to us. The fact that he doesn’t know this, and i nstead refers to it as ‘God’s yellow face’ is yet another subtle reminder that Jack has not had the privileges of a childhood education. It perhaps is also a gentle reminder that everyone has a different perspective of the world, and that Jack is only just discovering his. Additionally, the use of pronouns must also be considered important, albeit initially not. Jack labels the window as ‘our[s]’, dictating that it belongs to him and Ma. When he lived in Room, he believed that everything was theirs too. This slight choice of language presents the difficulties present in Jack’s transition from Room; he must now accept that everything in this world will not, by definition, belong to him and Ma. As previously explored, Donoghue’s novel is less based on event, and ratheron human reactions, specifically Ma and Jack’s. A child’s narration can therefore illustrate the difference between how an adult and child would process a similar experience, whether positive or negative. Ma is arguably subjected to more abuse in her attempt to protect Jack; she is repeatedly raped by Old Nick, and spent years on her own before Jack was born. She has also known a life before Room, so will feel the loss of her freedom especially acutely. Jack cannot feel any of this, as Room is the only reality he has ever known, and freedom is an unknown concept to him. At the end of the novel, he requests to visit Room again. As he leaves, he moves on without any psychological attachment to it, despite the awful things events that have occurred there: I look back one more time. Its like a crater, a hole where something happened. Then we go out the door. (p.401) This return to Room is markedly significant. For the first time, Jack has experienced the outside world and now has an environment he can compare to Room. He describes it as a ‘hole’; the place that originally he viewed as a home is reduced to nothingness. This obsolete sense of emptiness is furthered through referring to their captivity as ‘something’. This especially illustrates the particular use of the infantile narration; to Ma, those seven years were certainly more than ‘something’. It not only suggests the capacity for children to heal and move forward easily, but it also presents undertones of a time period that is too painful to describe. Therefore, this narration is perhaps the only technique that Donoghue could have employed for them to have simply walked out the door. The especial beauty of Jack’s narration is it’s implicit innocence; he records simply what they do, and very little of how he feels. It is with this endin g that the reader is almost reassured. For Jack, Room will remain only has a place where ‘something happened’, and nothing more. Perhaps the most important effect of Donoghue’s choice of narration is the order of realisation that it forces on the readership. In encountering the story through a child’s perspective, we notice that Jack depicts events and his subsequent emotions in extremely simplistic terms. As he is the primary, and only, narrator, we are forced as readers to follow this pace. Therefore, we only realise the events that are happening through subtle hints, where Jack himself does not even realise. Every night in Room, Jack heard a series of squeaks and grunts from Old Nick. Whilst he does not realise that he witnesses the rape of Ma every night, the reader does. In Donoghue allowing the reader to realise these facts by themselves, rather than writing it clearly on a page, it increases this sense of tragedy with infinite effect. [1] Room, Emma Donoghue (Basingstoke Oxford: Picador, 2010)

Abraham Maslow s Theories Around The World - 1258 Words

Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist who still to this date continues to shape behavioral theories around the world. Maslow was born on April 1st of 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the oldest of seven children later born to his parents. His parents were Jewish originally from Russian. With very poor education, his parents hoped for the best future for their children in a new world. Maslow was constantly pushed hard to do well in school and his studies were his parents number one concern. That same pressure was maybe what made him an introvert a lonely kid who found shelter in his books. In order to make his parents happy and proud, Maslow studied law at the City College of New York. He later on married his first cousin,†¦show more content†¦Recognized names such as Horney, Fromm and Adler, among other Freudian psychologists. Maslow started focusing his efforts and academic knowledge into a movement for a humanistic psychology. This eventually became much more important to him than his own theorizing. Maslow spent his final years in California, until he died of a heart attack on June 8th of 1970. Theories Early in his career Maslow’s theory development included observing monkeys. Among the many interesting things he noticed during this time, was that some needs would take priority over others. For instance, if you are hungry and thirsty, you will be inclined to drink something rather than to eat. Maslow explored this idea of needs and their relevance, and created his now very known, hierarchy of needs. Maslow arranged five broad layers of needs: physiological needs, needs for safety and security, needs for love and sense of belonging, needs for esteem, and need to actualize one self. In Healthcare To apply Maslow’s findings to healthcare we would place the needs in order as he intended them to be. 1. The physiological needs. Among these needs we have for oxygen, water, protein, and other minerals or vitamins. Also among these physiological needs, there is the needs to avoid pain, need to be active, to rest, to sleep, to urinate and to eliminate waste. In healthcare we can concentrate this needs as the basic services that Occupational therapists offer to

The Most Powerful Women Rulers of the Ancient World

Essay on Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall...

Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall Apart A major aspect of one’s society is religion. Without it, the way people hold themselves accountable would be nonexistent. In addition, many moral standards that exist today are values taken directly from religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Currently, there exists a feud between people who believe in a god, and of those who do not. Eventually those who believe in a higher power will fight against each other. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Chinua Achebe brings to light the differences and similarities of Christianity and Animism in order to demonstrate the effects of religion upon one’s society, which is exemplified by Okonkwo and his people. This is noticed in the lives of†¦show more content†¦As a result, many of these half-heartedly committed members are held unaccountable for their actions and rely on precedents set by their ancestors and elders, unlike Christians whose laws are explained in the bible. Mr. Smith’s successor, Mr. Br own, also demonstrated a difference in that the God of Christians is to be proclaimed as a loving god who is to be feared only when His will is not done. On the other hand, Animism’s followers live in fear of their gods’ wrath and suffer spiritually, mentally, and emotionally for their gods’ happiness, â€Å"’You said one interesting thing,’ said Mr. Brown. ‘ You are afraid of Chukwu. In my religion Chukwu is a loving Father and need not be feared by those who do His will’† (180 – 181). Mr. Brown subtly brings up a theological paradox that is, â€Å"What is the point of living for a god that must be feared?† This difference greatly affects the Animistic and Christian way of life. Christians are to spread the word of God, serve their fellow men, and repent, and in doing this they need not fear God. Animists, specifically the Ibo, are to dedicate themselves to their chi or personal god, make sacrifices to their gods, and hope that their gods are not angry with them. Surprisingly, there is a similarity throughout all of this diversity. A major part of their religions is the belief in one God that created everything. Animists believe in Chukwu, who created everything including the other

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1174 Words

With recreational drugs becoming more common in our society, the public is growing more concerned with the negative effects of these substances, especially the effects of marijuana. Those who do not know enough about drugs generally think that â€Å"marijuana is bad for you† or â€Å"marijuana can kill people†. Although these preconceived notions do not often have scientific data as backup, there have also been multiple studies supporting the claims that marijuana is detrimental to people ´s health. Even though today many people, especially teenagers, do support the legalization of marijuana, this recreational drug is detrimental to health because it affects motor skills, mental abilities, and suppresses motivation, and therefore should not be†¦show more content†¦According to a study performed at the University of Michigan, 36.4% of teenagers smoked marijuana before reaching their junior year in high school. Those who haven’t smoked it before claim th at their peers who do use marijuana pressure them to partake in smoking it with them in a social setting. Secondly, people who smoke cigarettes on a day-to-day life are more likely to smoke illegal drugs. For many teenagers, smoking marijuana is a way to fight against anxiety, depression or boredom. Nevertheless, consuming drugs is just a method to avoid problems, and ignoring these issues only exasperates the problems in their lives. While teenagers think that their problems will disappear, it just creates a more problematic situation in their lives. Home and social life, school, and emotional or physical feelings are several examples of these problems. Home and social life problems can be very harmful to the person, and can cause them to develop poor relationships with their family members. Stealing money or valuable items that belong to their own parents is, in many cases, one of the most frequent acts that occur. Selling the valuable items provides them with the money to buy the drugs. Other problems that occur with a drug problem are not coming home on time or not telling a family member where he or she is going. Addressing the school problems, missing or skipping school can be one main consequence of consuming drugs. This leads the person to have a

English Elizabethan Novels Free Essays

The Elizabethan period is primarily known for its drama and poetry rather than its prose fiction, particularly since the advent of the English novel proper does not occur for another century. However, critics have increasingly stressed the importance of prose fiction in the seventeenth century and its role in the development of the novel. Several factors have played an important role in the emergence of the Elizabethan romance. We will write a custom essay sample on English Elizabethan Novels or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most significant factors in the development of the romance—the most popular form of prose fiction in this period—was the translation of ancient Greek romances into the vernacular. The popularity of these stories influenced members of the university-educated class to create their own stories, albeit with the same Greek plots, pastoral settings, and emphasis on literary wit. The first important milestone of the age was John Lyly’s Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). In this work Lyly developed euphuism, a style of writing which emphasizes rhythm over content and makes extensive use of alliteration, assonance, metaphor, and classical allusion. Many lesser authors imitated this style, which became a defining element of the period. In contrast to Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (1590), generally thought of as one of the most significant and well-written romances of the time, attempted to create more natural dialogue. Despite this difference, for his plot, style, and setting Sidney is also indebted to Greek literature. Robert Greene, one of the most prolific writers of the period, took his plots directly from Greek romance as well. Sometimes basing his stories in part on his own experiences, Greene wrote more than twenty popular romances including Card of Fancy (1584). Thomas Nashe was influenced by a different source, the picaresque novels of Spain. In these stories the hero, or picaro, is a man of no social standing who is free to travel and engage in adventures. Nashe’s most famous works are The Unfortunate Travelor or the Life of Jack Wilton (1594) and The Terrors of the Night (1594). Elizabethan society itself underwent numerous and significant developments during this period, including changes in the social structure of London, a rapid rise in literacy rates, a growing middle class, and the emergence of literate bourgeois tradesmen. These changes are reflected in the content and quantity of prose fiction that was produced during the seventeenth century. Aiming at the growing middle-class audience, many writers imitated best-selling authors and turned out formula romances. The works of the former tradesman Thomas Deloney, including The Pleasant History of John Winchomb in his Younger Years Called Jack of Newbury (1597), for example, were more realistic in plot and setting than other works of the period and probably, according to scholars, created a sense of familiarity among his readers. This focus on the emerging bourgeois class, both as an audience for and a subject of fiction, played a significant role in the emergence of the English novel in the eighteenth How to cite English Elizabethan Novels, Papers

Globalization and Internalization Impact on the Community

Question: Does globalization threaten or enhance community? Answer: Introduction Globalization, internationalization has been the subject matter of debate among scholars. Both of these concepts have had a substantial place in our modern globe. Their significance lays in the improving of the contemporary communities particularly the community and society status, and the function on the world in which their interdependence has enhanced substantially(Kay, 2004). As a matter of actuality, internalization has had a good deal in surviving in the globe. However, others are stating that internalization is making the most of globalization, which is increasingly essential than in the past(Berkes, 2007). Consequently, to look into the aspect of globalization if it threatens or enhances the community there is a need to study and consider an example of society, and examine and discuss the ways in which globalization and internationalization are impacting either positively or negative on this community(Cochrane, 2007). This essay, therefore, aims at looking at these concepts a nd providing insight into the Australian community especially the multicultural community that is found in the urban and region areas of Australia and this will serve as an example for this essay. To begin with it is significance to understand the idea of globalization and internationalization. According to Kay (2004) Globalization is regarded as the intensification of the worldwide sociable relationship that can link the distant localities in a manner that the community occurring might be molded by proceedings that occurs many miles away. Further, according to Berkes (2007) highlights that globalization is the acceleration and the intensification of interaction that occurs among individuals, organization and the government of various nations. On the other hand, internationalization is regarded as the increased importance of the international trade, treaties, alliances as well as the international relations(Berkes, 2007). The globalization is considered as an unavoidable wave of the forthcoming days that is aimed to encourage the global economic integration of several formerly national economies into one global economy primarily for the sole purpose of free trade as well as fr ee capital mobility to the uncontrolled migration. The world currently has become different from the way it had previously been, because of globalization and internationalization(Harrison, 2012). With the advances in the technology as well as communication, it has become a deterritorialized, where there have been constraints of geography shrinks and the world becomes more singular and unified. The multicultural communities in the Australia have been a focus on the research. In the urban and the regional areas, we find the array of culturally diverse communities. Around the quarter of the population of Australia, it is usually composed of a citizen who was either born overseas or migrated to Australia. Some of the suburbs found in the cities and the large regional based towns and residents are composed of multicultural(Narula and Zanfei, 2005). In Australia, they are developing on their multicultural national identity. Even the schools and the neighborhood we find individuals from the various ethnic and cultural background who often c an speak more than one language. Highlighting on the positive and the negative effect of globalization and internationalization some individual see it as a power which can destroy the heritage as well as the culture of the multicultural community in the Australia(Whiteford, 2003). By them, this is a nightmare which is happening at present and would continue for the future generations. According to my view, I believe globalization and internationalization are impacting positively upon multicultural communities in Australia. This decision is based on the following analysis and relevant concepts based on the effect of globalization and internationalization. Through globalization and internationalization, there has been a global technological mecca empowering on the cultures thus allowing self-representation as well as facts sharing on a new level(Cochrane, 2007). The use of technology has provided the medium where depiction of the images and portrayals of the self-identity that can signifies that truism might be established. Via a global media, it bears allowed culture to have a distinct voice for endorsing the awareness as well as provided a community know-how and even understanding of their experiences as well as identities(Scholte, 2005). Further, through technology it has allowed communication of the relevant community accounts as well as their commentaries on the issues which are significant in the preservation of their culture and knowledge acquisition hence enabling them to retain on their diversity. It has also been evident that through globalization and internalization there has been privatization as well as commercialization of the knowledge thus, impacting on a learning community to develop. A knowledgeable community can be a driving force especially when it comes to the national and the international political, social as well as economic development. It is therefore important not to underestimate on the contributions of the global economy(Tilly, 1995). The ethnic groups in Australia have played a significant input on the knowledge community. Moreover, the dominant cultures would still prevail. Globalization and internalization have also played a decisive role in impacting on education in the multicultural community in Australia. It has made possible education to be available to the alien cultures that had previously no access to it(Zahra, Rawhouser, Bhawe, Neubaum and Hayton, 2008). This not only provided education opportunities, but also global jobs. Australia recognized th e immediacy of globalization, and they began in the establishment of guidelines to enshrine their cultural diversity that is within their educational framework, which meets the requirements of the emerging globalization and internationalization trends. On the aspect of cultural level, it has been evident that the world has shifted from the national culture to mixed cultures across the globe. In Australia, there are diverse cultures due to multicultural groups that have existed. Consequently, this has resulted in homogenized global culture rather than nationalism(Diaz and Zirkel, 2012). Moreover, the aspects of globalization and internationalization have impacted on the provision of efficient market and wealth equality across the globe. The need arises for an efficient market to every economy to strive well and the community to benefit when there is an equilibrium between the sellers and the buyers. Additionally, the creation of jobs has been possible for individuals in this community. Some have started their businesses and can provide comfort for their families(Whiteford, 2003). This is a good thing especially when it bring the aspect of increased competition which entails that business that are operating need to provide high-quali ty products. Conclusion Individuals live and develop their potential in the social groups. Throughout the history, the multicultural community in Australia has been defining the characteristics of the human society. All throughout the 20th and the 21st Century, people have found themselves in the globalized world that has been influenced though economic, social, and the cultural impact that is coming from various sources. This process has been a challenge to the human and the social rights and has significantly affected the individual and their social development. Nonetheless, with globalization and internationalization, it has impacted the multicultural community positively in Australia. This has been through the provision of efficient markets, increased competition, wealth equality globally, input of the knowledge community, empowerment of the cultures and impacted on education. This shows a significant changes especially in this community, and despite some scholars disagreeing on these concepts, I believ e they have impacted positively. References Berkes, F., 2007. Community based conservation in a globalized world. Proceeding of the National academy of sciences, pp. 15188-15193. Cochrane, F., 2007. Civil society beyong the state: The impact of diaspora communities on peace building. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, pp. 2(2), pp.19-29. Diaz, J. and Zirkel, S, 2012. Globalization, psychology, and social issues research: An introduction and conceptual framework. Journal of Social Issues, pp. pp.439-453. Harrison, N., 2012. Investigating the impact of personality and early life experienced on intercultural interaction in internationalized universities. International journal of intercultural Relations, pp. 36(2), pp. 224-237. Kay, S., 2004. Globalization, power, and security. Security Dialogue, pp. 35(1), pp.9-25. Narula, R. a. Z. A., 2005. Globalisation of innovation (pp.318-345). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scholte, J., 2005. Globalization: A critical introduction. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan. Tilly, C., 1995. Globalization threatens labor's rights. International labor and working class history, pp. 1-23. Whiteford, G., 2003. Enhancing occupational opportunities in communities: Politics' third way and the concept of the enabling state. Journal of Occupational Science, pp. 10(1), pp.40-45. Zahra, S. A., Rawhouser, H.N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D.O. and Hayton, J.C, 2008. Globalization of social entreprenuership opportunities. Strategic entreprenuership Journal, pp. 117-131.

Research on the Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Company Performance free essay sample

An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data FAN Libo YUAN Xin WANG Su School of Business, University of International Business and Economics, P. R. China, 100029 Abstract: It is well known that knowledge economy is mainly based on intellectual capital. Intellectual capital plays a key role in enterprise’s value promotion. In fact, the good intellectual capital control system can bring the positive influence to the enterprise achievements. It is important to make empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance to create value and enhance the enterprise achievements. In the paper, we take the relation analysis between intellectual capital and enterprise performance as the main topic of our research. Based on the overseas and domestic scholars’ research, the paper selected companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges in intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry as well as banking and insurance industry as research samples in the period of 2007 to 2009, using Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) as the evaluation system. The paper constructed three empirical research model based on economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We hope to know the status of intellectual capital development in China especially in three industries and try to find out the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Finally, based on the empirical study results, we try to provide constructive suggestions for intellectual capital development. And also the paper pointed out the limitations of the research and provided some help for the follow-up study. Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Company Performance, Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) 1 Introduction and Literature Review In the knowledge economy, intellectual capital not only has become the driving force and an important source of value creation and sustainable development of enterprises, but also innovation and the key to profit growth. Over the past decade Chinas economy maintained a sustained rapid growth, how much did the intellectual capital, which is the core of value creation, contributed to the economic development of our country? Is the development of Chinas listed companies mainly dependent on intellectual capital or physical capital? Face of the transformation of the global economy and the domestic market economy, has the driving force of value creation Chinas enterprises transferred from physical capital to intellectual capital is an hot issue of business and theorists at present. We selected three industries (manufacturing, information technology, industry and finance and insurance) to explore the relationship between Intellectual capital and company performance of our country, with the hope of providing something useful theoretically and practically for the rational allocation of economic resources and the effective development and use of intellectual capital in the period of transition economies. Research on intellectual capital home and abroad mainly focused on three areas: the concept of intellectual capital, the composition and measurement of intellectual capital, and the relationship between intellectual capital and business development. The concept of intellectual capital was first put forward by the Senior in 1836, but was only used as a synonym for human capital. American scholar Calbraith (1969) considered that intellectual capital is not only a static capital with the form of pure knowledge, but also a dynamic process of effective use of knowledge, and this process is related to the achievement of organizational goals. His research extended the concept of intellectual capital from individual level to organizational level. Brooking (1996) attributed intellectual capital to all the general term for intangible assets which can enable the enterprises to operate , he believed that business = tangible assets + intellectual capital. Based on the theory of knowledge, Alexander (2004), Roland (2007) defined intellectual capital as the sum of knowledge resources which transformed from organizational knowledge and can enable the enterprises to realize its market value and enhance its existing assets. Many domestic scholars also made some research on the concept of intellectual capital, such as Tan Jinsong (2001) who defined intellectual capital as a form of human capital which can realize research and innovation and can make directorial allocation of corporation resources. Yuan Qinghong (2001), Wang Yong (2002), Zhang Xiaohong (2007) etc defined the concept of intellectual capital from the knowledge perspective, as well as Yan Huahai (2004) from the perspective of the characteristics of intellectual capital. The composition of intellectual capital is not only the main framework of understanding of the content of intellectual capital, but also an important basis of intellectual capital measurement tools. As a result, there are relatively large differences among domestic and foreign scholars in the field of the composition and measurement of intellectual capital. Currently there are dualism, ternary and pluralism theory. Dualists to Edvinsson and Malone (1997) are the representatives of the dualism theory, they hold the view that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital; Stewart (1994), Mohan (2005), Swart (2006) are the representative of ternary theory, they think that intellectual capital is composed of human capital, structural capital and customer capital and put forward the H-S-C structure; pluralists believe that intellectual capital is equivalent to intangible assets, they explain intellectual capital through the expansion and spread of the concept of intangible assets. Such as Brooking put that intellectual capital should be divided into four parts: market capital, intellectual property capital, human capital and infrastructure capital; based on the essence of the concept of Balanced Scorecard , Bassi (1999) divided intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital , process capital and customer capital. In essence, both the ternary theory and the pluralism theory have developed on the basis of the dualism. In the empirical researches of relationship between intellectual capital and company performance later, scholars also choose make different choices from the methods of classification of intellectual capital. In the empirical researches of intellectual capital and company development, most domestic and international researches focused on the relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. Based on the ternary theory of intellectual capital, Nick Bontis (1998,2000) made an exploratory research on the measurement and the impact of intellectual capital on company performance. He took a questionnaire survey in companies in Canada and Malaysia and used factor analysis and least squares analysis to do his research. He got the result that the three components of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital and customer capital) are mutually influenced, and that intellectual capital has significant positive effect on corporate performance. Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui used 81 companies of the 100 greatest cross-border manufacturing and service companies of the United States as his sample and used least squares analysis to study the relationship between intellectual capital and return on total assets based on value-added method. Finally he found that intellectual capital had played a positive and significant role in the performance of multinational companies of the United States. Marvidis (2004,2005) selected banks in Japan and Greece as the objects of his study, and found that intellectual capital and physical capital both had significantly positive effect on value adding, and that the impact of intellectual capital is greater than the impact of physical capital. Using the data of companies of South Africa, Steven Firer conducted a research on the relationship between company performance( profitability, productivity, market assessment) and the three components of VAIC(Value Added Intellectual Coefficient):VAHU(Value Added Human Capital Coefficient)? STVA(Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient)and VACA(Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient), he found that human capital had a significant positive impact on production capacity, structure capital only had a modest positive impact on profitability, however, South African market still focused on the return to physical capital. Based on different intellectual capital structure theory, domestic scholars chose different industries to make empirical research. Chen Jin (2004) divide intellectual capital into human capital, structural capital, innovation capital and customer capital and put forward a system of qualitative indicators of the measurement of intellectual capital. Besides, he did a questionnaire survey in the high-tech enterprises of Zhejiang Province, and found that both intellectual capital and its four components have significantly positive impact on company performance. More domestic scholars chose the dualism theory of the classification of intellectual capital; they selected different dependent variables and studied different industries. Such as Li Jiaming (2004) selected 30 listed companies of the computer industry, Bai Ming (2005) selected listed companies of telecommunications and computer industry, chemical industry and textile industry, Wan Xi (2006) used 41 of he best-operating listed companies in China as his sample, Yu Haizong and Deng Qian (2007) selected high-tech industry and textile industry, Liu Chao, et al(2008) selected listed companies of the information technology industry, Wang Xinli (2008) selected listed companies of information technology industry and textile industry, Tian Jing (2009) selected manufacturing and information technology industry , Lu Xin, et al (2009) selected listed companies of manufacturing industry, information technology industry and real estate industries as samples to make empirical research on the impact of physical capital, human capital and structural capital on company performance. Most scholars believed that there were a significantly positive correlation between intellectual capital and corporate performance, and that intellectual capital was a source of corporate profits, while physical capital was still the most important resource of business performance. In addition, there are scholars who do their research from different perspectives, such as Yuan Yijun (2006) focused on the value creation potential of intellectual capital. Taiwan scholars Tsai and Hua(2006) focused on the relationship between stock value and intellectual capital, Fu Chuanrui (2008) studied the relationship between intellectual capital and stock price, Zou Yan (2009) did an empirical research on the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation capacity of the company, There are many unique aspects of the studies of domestic and foreign scholars on intellectual capital, but in general their studies are still inadequate in two aspects: Firstly, the problem lies in the design of corporate performance indicators. Although some scholars have selected a wide range of indicators, such as Steven Firer and S. Mitchell Williams (2003) chose profitability, productivity and market value as indicators of corporate performance, Taiwan scholar Shiu (2006) chose the net rate of total assets, total assets, gross margin and market valuation ratios as three corporate performance indicators, however, most scholars have selected one single performance indicator, hence they can get a comprehensive examination of the performance of enterprises; Secondly, most scholars chose to use cross-sectional data, ignoring the rapid variability feature of Chinese market, which may lead to empirical error of the conclusion. Because of these two weaknesses, this paper chose to use diversified business performance indicators, and the panel data of listed companies of 3 different industries as study sample to do empirical research. 2 Hypotheses and Design of the Research 2. 1 Hypothesis of the Research Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010) put that company performance includes economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. The logic is that if companies have good economic returns, it will be shown in financial result and profitability, thus causing companies to perform well in the stock market. Therefore, there are intrinsic links among economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. In this context, we choose economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance to measure company performance We approve that intellectual capital is the coupling of human capital and structural capital. Human capital includes basic and professional knowledge of the staff, their experience, problem-solving skills, and the ability to update and share their knowledge. Human capital is the core element of intellectual capital, employees who master the knowledge and skills well are an important source of competitive advantage of the company that is an ultimate deciding factor of company performance. In addition, the intellectual capital alone can not create value; it must be combined with physical capital. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H1: there is a positive correlation between human capital and company performance H1a: there is a positive correlation between human capital and economic performance H1b: there is a positive correlation between human capital and financial performance H1c: there is a positive correlation between human capital and stock market performance Structural capital includes organizational capital and relational capital, which includes management skills, information and networking systems, business process, corporate reputation and brand, customer relationship and so on. Value of human capital can not be achieved without the help of structure capital. Structure Capital enables companies to run in a high-quality and orderly way, it can provide a stage for the staff to achieve their accomplishment. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H2: there is a positive correlation between structural capital and company performance H2a: here is a positive correlation between structural capital economic performance H2b: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and financial performance H2c: there is a positive correlation between structural capita and stock market performance Physical capital is the basic resource for companies to survive and develop. However, with the development of our economy, the effect of intellectual capital is more and more obvious. Intellectual capital is more precious than physical capital, it can not be imitated, can not be replaced and it can enable companies to maintain competitive advantage. As a resul t, intellectual capital is the most important capital for companies. Based on these facts, the assumptions are as follows: H3: there is a positive correlation between physical capital and company performance H3a: there is a positive correlation between physical and economic performance H3b: there is a positive correlation between physical and financial performance H3c: there is a positive correlation between physical and stock market performance 2. 2 Research Design 2. 2. 1 Independent Variable Value-added intellectual capital coefficient (VAIC), which was put forward by Ante Pulic, is a popular method to evaluate intellectual capital. It has advantages such as it is simple; the data required is easy and credible. According to VAIC method, company performance depends on the ability to use financial capital and intellectual capital. We choose VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, which has three independent variables: VAHU (Value Added Human Capital Coefficient), STVA (Value Added Structural Capital Coefficient), VACA (Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient). Finally, VAIC (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient) is the sum of the three variables; the calculation method is as follows: VAHU= Value added(VA)/ Human Capital(HC) STVA= Structural capital(SC-VA)/ Value added(VA) VACA= Value added(VA)/ capital available(CA) VAIC=VAHU+STVA+VACA 2. 2. 2 Dependent Variable According to Daniel Zeghal and Anis Maalou (2010), corporate performance is a system including economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. We select Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) ,respectively ,to measure economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance. 2. 2. 3 Control Variable As the capital structure can affect the cost and value of the corporation, it may lead to great difference in company performance; Second, different size of enterprises may cause different competitive environment and market position, thus the ability to get profit is not the same; In addition, the different efficiency of different enterprises will affect competitiveness, resulting in different company performance; Finally, different companies are at different stages of life cycle, that will have great impact on company performance. Therefore, we choose Asset-Liability Ratio (Lev), Firm Size (Size), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT) and Growth Ability (GR) as our control variables. For Firm Size (Size) we take the natural logarithm of total assets, and Growth Ability (GR) is measured by revenue growth ratio. Economic meaning and computing method of all variables are shown in table 1. 2. 2. 4 Sample Selecting and Data Filtering Different industries have different resource; this paper selected three industries that have distinctive characteristics to conduct research. They are manufacturing industry- a traditional industry, information technology industry high-tech industry and finance 7 insurance industries new service industry. In this way,we can explore the difference of the driving power of intellectual capital of different industries. Manufacturing industry is traditional, its production technology is mature and market is stable, it demands for a large number of employees, its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are low. Information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, its competition is fierce, and it demands for employees who have relatively higher quality . Financial insurance industry is a highly knowledge-intensive industries, its technological innovation is fast, product life cycle is short, and market is volatile. Its demand-income elasticity and degree of risk are high. Table 1 Variable Definition Name of Variables |Economic implications |Calculation |Types of | | | | |Variables | |OM |Operating Margin |Operating Profit / Operating Income |dependent | | | | |variable | |ROE |Weighted Average Return on Equity |data from the annual reports of listed companies |dependent | | | | |variable | |P/B |Price-to-Book Ratio |yearly tradable market value / book value of net |dependent | | | |assets |variable | |VAHU |Value Added Human Capital |value added / human capital |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |STVA |Value Added Structural Capital |structural capital / value added |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |VACA |Value Added Capital Employed |value added / book value of net assets |independent | | |Coefficient | |variable | |Lev |asset-liability ratio |Liabilities / Total Assets |control | | | | |variable | |Size |Firm Size |Ln(total assets) |control | | | | |variable | |TAT |Total Asset Turnover |net operating income / average total assets*100% |control | | | | |variable | |GR |Revenue Growth Ratio |revenue growth of the year/ total operating |control | | | |income of last year *100% |variable | We select 1084 enterprises which are listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange market during the period of 2007-2009 as our sample. [1] There are 957 enterprises from manufacturing industry, 95 enterprises from information technology industry and 32 enterprises from finance insurance industry. Considering missing value and abnormal value may have bad affect on statistical results,we reject the companies which have missing data or have got special treatment during 2007-2009. Besides, we reject the companies whose human capital, structural capital and the book value of equity is negative. In addition, some manufacturing companies are traditional labor-intensive enterprise, whose value creating process relies less on knowledge. It makes no sense to include these companies in our research, thus we reject these labor-intensive industry: food beverage industry, textile fur industry, wood furniture industry, paper printing industry, petrochemical industry, plastics industry, metal nonmetal industry. After screening, the final sample has a total number of 856, including 267 in manufacturing industry, 38 in information technology industry, 20 in finance insurance industry. 2. 2. 5 Empirical Research Model For the purpose of our research, we tend to carry out empirical research based on these three models OM= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 1) ROE=? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? 4 Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 2) P/B= ? 0 + ? 1VAHU+ ? 2 STVA + ? 3 VACA + ? Lev +? 5Size+? 6TAT+? 7GR+ Â µ(model 3) 3 Empirical Analyses 3. 1 Descriptive statistical analysis Based on the 2007-2009 panel data of three industries, we use STATA software to make a descri ptive statistical analysis of the variables; Results are shown in Table 2 Table 2 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of The Variables(Mean Value Analysis) |variables |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | |VAHU |3. 092875 |2. 2524454 |4. 0719365 | |STVA |0. 55692 |0. 862719 |0. 7286728 | |VAIN |3. 649795 |2. 7387173 |4. 8006093 | |VACA |0. 361888 |0. 2966731 |0. 3201595 | |VAIC |4. 011683 |3. 0353904 |5. 1207688 | |Lev |0. 447497 |0. 3786801 |0. 7816546 | |Size |21. 45758 |21. 419555 |25. 19223 | |TAT |0. 823411 |0. 8916649 |0. 1210483 | |GR |16. 68593 |19. 418836 |59. 894295 | |OM |0. 105386 |0. 1150212 |0. 4837577 | |ROE |0. 127199 |0. 1217382 |0. 2393567 | |P/B |2. 156659 |2. 1009317 |2. 8511109 | As is shown in the table, the mean value of VAIC of the manufacturing industry is 4. 011683, which indicates that each Yuan we put in our manufacturing industry will produce a value of 4. 011683 Yuan; and the mean value of VAIC of the information technology industry and the finance insurance industry are 3. 0353904 and 5. 1207688. Clearly, VAIC of the finance insurance industry gt; VAIC of the manufacturing industry gt;VAIC of the information technology industry, This result is contradict to our general sense that the efficiency of intellectual capital of the information technology industry should be higher than its efficiency of the manufacturing industry. To some extent, it points out that our business still depends more on the finance insurance industry and the manufacturing industry to create value. From the perspective of the structure of Value-added intellectual coefficient system, no matter it is the manufacturing industry, the information technology industry or the finance insurance industry, they all share one characteristic: the mean value of VAHU gt; the mean value of STVA gt; the mean value of VACA, that indicates that these three typical industries all rely more on human capital, followed by the structural capital, more on physical capital to create value. This shows the development level of intellectual capital is still in its infancy. In addition, of the three industry, the mean value of VAIN gt; the mean value of VACA , it indicates that even in traditional industries, such as the manufacturing industry, companies have begun to rely more on intellectual capital to create value, rather than relying solely on material and financial capital to create value. This conclusion is consistent to the study results of Zeghal (2000),Firer and Williams (2003). 3. 2 Correlation Analysis We use Pearson Correlation Analysis Method to test the correlation of the variables of the three industries. Table 3 reflects that in Chinas manufacturing enterprises, Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU) and Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) are significantly positive correlated, but the positive correlation between VAHU and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not significant. Table 3 Correlation Analysis variable |manufacturing industry |information technology industry |finance insurance industry | | | | | | | | |R? |? 0 |VAHU | |H1a |supported |supported |rejected | |H2a |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3a |undetermined undetermined |undetermined | |H1b |supported |supported |supported | |H2b |supported |supported |undetermined | |H3b |supported |undetermined |rejected | |H1c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | |H2c |supported |undetermined |supported | |H3c |undetermined |undetermined |undetermined | Note: M represents manufacturing industry, IT represents information technology industry, FI represents finance insurance industry. For the intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio (P / B) is not obvious. This indicates that although currently the organizational structure and relational capital of Chinas intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises is relatively stable, they still have not reached the best state. The investment companies put in structural aspect such as production process design control and organizational management, as well as the investment companies put in relational aspect such as market and customer management all have great contribution on company performance. The investment companies put in human capital contribute significantly to the economic and financial performance of the company; however, it can not be reflected in the stock market. The reason may lies in that stock market investors believe human capital does not have obvious impact on the market value and development potential of the companies because of the relatively stable organizational structure and management system, as well as relatively high turnover rate of high-quality employees and low turnover rate of low-quality employees. The investment companies put in physical capital can be reflected in the financial performance, while it has little contribution to the economic and stock market performance. The possible reason may be that China’s manufacturing industry has already entered the mature stage, thus the investment companies put solely on physical capital has already entered the diminishing stage of margin utility and its impact on the upgrading of company performance is limited. For information technology enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM) and Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious; Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has little impact on Operating Margin (OM), Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE) or Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of information technology industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. On one hand this may be due the growth and development time of Chinas information technology industry is still limited, the organizational structure and management system is still not perfect; on the other hand, the stage of Chinas information technology industry and its innovation ability are in urgent need to be improved. The potential contribution human capital can have on company performance has not been prominent; the overall efficiency of intellectual capital still has large room for improvement. The reason why the investment companies put in physical capital has little impact on company performance may lies in that information technology industry is a knowledge-intensive industry, companies should pay more attention to the creativity of employees and the quality of information, and to ensure full and timely supply of information and services is extremely critical. Comparatively speaking, investment on materials is not that important. For finance insurance enterprises of our country, the final results of empirical analysis show that Value Added Human Capital Coefficient(VAHU)has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that VAHU has positive impact on Operating Margin(OM); Structural Capital Coefficient (STVA) has positive impact on Operating Margin (OM), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) is not obvious, and the final results reject he assumption that STVA has positive impact on Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B); Value Added Capital Employed Coefficient (VACA) has positive impact on Weighted Average Return on Equity (ROE), however, its impact on Operating Margin(OM) and Price-to-Book Ratio(P / B) is not obvious. Clearly, the results of finance insurance industry are not as ideal as we originally anticipated. The efficiency of human capital of finance insurance companies of China can be reflected through financial performance, but can not be reflected through economic or stock market performance; the efficiency of structural capital can be reflected through economic performance, but can not be reflected through financial or stock market performance. This may be due to finance insurance industry has higher requirement for its employees comparing to other industries, the corresponding higher salary leads to higher labor cost. Besides, our finance insurance market is still immature, its market customer development, organizational structure, management system and working process design are still in an exploration stage, resulting in that the investment companies put in intellectual capital haven’t had obvious contribution to the enhancement of company performance. In addition, finance insurance industry is a highly intellectual capital-intensive service industry, comparatively speaking, the investment in physical capital is not as important as in intellectual capital for the companies. Finally, no matter in which industry, neither the investment companies put in intellectual capital nor physical capital has obvious impact on stock market performance, which may be due to that stock market investors don’t concern much about the efficiency of capital of the companies when they buy stocks. Two reasons may explain this phenomenon. Firstly, the investment companies put in intellectual capital is still on a low level, stock market investors it might be because of our intellectual capital in business investment is still in the lower level, investors are not willing to pay more for the low efficiency of intellectual capital. Secondly, the investment behavior of China’s stock market is still not rational; investors pay little attention on the value and potential of the companies. Correspondingly, because the stock market does not care enough about intellectual capital, companies may easily lose their enthusiasm and passion about continually invest in it. In addition, there are numerous factors that may affect the stock market, not only the operating situation of the companies, but also the psychological expectations of investors, Asymmetric and incomplete Information, floating capital and so on. 5 Summary and Limitation of the Research From our research based on the panel data of intellectual capital-intensive manufacturing industry, information technology industry and finance insurance industry ,we can learn that there exists difference in the efficiency of intellectual capital to create efficiency among different industries. Comparatively, the efficiency of intellectual capital of finance insurance industry is the highest, while because that information technology industry is still at an immature stage, the efficiency of intellectual capital is not quite clear. Besides, the driving force of capital to create value lies in human capital and structural capital, while the effect of physical capital is relatively low, In the future, companies should pay attention to the structure of the driving force to create value in order to improve the efficiency of capital. For manufacturing industry, along with maintaining the existing efficiency of human capital, companies should pay attention to the improvement of organizational structure and management system to enhance the efficiency of structural capital. Through these efforts can the companies maintain the driving force to create value inside the organizations and avoid the risk of losing high-quality employees. For Information technology industry, there is still large room for the development of intellectual capital; companies should spare no effort to enhance the efficiency pf human capital and structural capital in order to become truly technology-intensive enterprises. For finance insurance industry, along with maintaining the relatively high level of efficiency of intellectual capital, companies should strengthen the impact intellectual capital and physical capital had on company performance and hence promote the development of the industry, Because we use the VAIC method to measure intellectual capital, we can not avoid the limitation of this method. In the future, we hope that more effective ways to measure intellectual capital can be found. In this paper we divide company performance into economic performance, financial performance and stock market performance in order to examine company performance comprehensively, However, as there are natural links among these indicators, in the future we hope through factor analysis, one single comprehensive indicator can be extracted to reflect company performance. In addition, we take the dualism theory of intellectual capital and test the relationship between company performance and intellectual capital. However, human capital can not create value on its own, to some extent; it needs to rely on structural capital to contribute to company performance. The question that whether there is mutual promotion relationship between these two kinds of capital still need further study to answer?